In this study, the problems of high caloric content, increased maturation time and off-flavors in commercial beer manufacture arising from residual sugar, diacetyl, and acetaldehyde levels were addressed. A recombinant industrial brewing yeast strain (TQ1) was generated from T1 [Lipomyces starkeyi dextranase gene (LSD1) introduced, alpha-acetohydroxyacid synthase gene (ILV2) disrupted] by intro...

Profiling studies using microarrays to measure messenger RNA (mRNA) expression frequently identify long lists of differentially expressed genes. Differential expression is often validated using real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assays. In conventional real-time RT-PCR assays, expression is normalized to a control, or housekeeping gene. However, no single housekeeping gene can be used...

Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is an efficient and accurate method to detect and compare patterns of gene expression. The reliability of qPCR is highly dependent on the selection of appropriate reference genes used for normalization. By analyzing 16 potential candidates of reference genes (GAPDH, Actb, 18 s, PGK1, Hprt, Tbp, Rpl5, B2M, Gusb, Ppia, ...

The development of the brain is sex-dimorphic, and as a result so are many neurological disorders. One approach for studying sex-dimorphic brain development is to measure gene expression in biological samples using RT-qPCR. However, the accuracy and consistency of this technique relies on the reference gene(s) selected. We analyzed the expression of ten reference genes in male and female sample...

We have utilized serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) to analyze the response of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) to laminar shear stress (LSS). Primary cultures of HCAECs were exposed to 15 dyn/cm(2) LSS for 24 h in a parallel plate flow chamber and compared with identical same passage cells cultured under static conditions. The expression levels of a number of functional ...

Aminoglycoside antibiotics are indispensable for treatment of serious bacterial infections, and despite careful attention to dosage regimens, nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity still cause concern. In the present study, we tested whether side effects of aminoglycoside therapy could be limited by expression of prokaryotic genes of antibiotic resistance in vivo. We characterized the acute and tissue-...

After trauma, the formed fracture hematoma within gap contains all important components (immune/stem cells, mediators) to initiate bone regeneration immediately. Thus, it is of great importance but also most susceptible negative influences. To study interaction between and immune cells gap, up-to-date in vitro systems should be capable recapitulating cellular humoral interactions physicochemica...

The most well characterized eukaryote model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not only preferred as a microbial cell factory for synthesis of industrial products, e.g. bioethanol, but this eukaryote host system is also defined as a robust scaffold for commercial production of diverse chemicals e.g. isoprenoids. Therefore, a number of tools in different emerging fields e.g. systems biology, e...