Aim. To evaluate pathophysiological mechanisms in diabetic retinopathy.Material and methods. Factors of retinopathy pathogenesis, scientific reviews.Results. The evaluation found that early stages are characterized by histopathological changes, which include loss pericytes, basement membrane thickening, haemodynamic alterations leading to reduced vascular integrity. later complications, visual ...

Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein that has been implicated in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including vascular and neural development, lymphocyte trafficking, fibrosis and tumour progression. ATX functions as lysophopholipase D (lysoPLD), hydrolysing lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into the signalling lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA stimulates cell migrat...

Semaphorins are soluble or membrane-bound cues, which control multiple aspects of cell-cell communication, differentiation, morphology and function. Most of their effects are mediated by a family of transmembrane receptors called plexins. Semaphorins and plexins have emerged as central regulators of diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes in various organs. This review summarizes...

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is associated with a variety of pathophysiological features, including amyloid plaques, inflammation, immunological changes, cell death and regeneration processes, altered neurotransmission, and age-related changes. Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoids are relevant to all of these. Here we review the pathology, pharmacology, and biochemistry of AD in relation to ...

Brush border γ-glutamyltransferase-glutaminase activity and the high-affinity glutamate transporter EAAC1 function as a unit in generating and transporting extracellular glutamate into proximal tubules as a signal that modulates intracellular glutamine/glutamate metabolism, paracellular permeability, and urinary acidification. The reported presence of a second glutamate transporter, GLT1, on th...

As an analog to the endothelium situated next to the vascular smooth muscle, the epithelium is emerging as an important regulator of smooth muscle contraction in many vital organs/tissues by interacting with other cell types and releasing epithelium-derived factors, among which prostaglandins have been demonstrated to play a versatile role in governing smooth muscle contraction essential to the...

While mortality from overt ischaemic heart disease is falling, that from heart failure is increasing and reaching epidemic proportions. Although an aging population is partly responsible for this trend, recent observations showing persistently high mortality and morbidity rates following myocardial infarction further compounds the issue. An understanding of the pathophysiological processes lead...