This study uses Swedish trends in alleged criminal assaults against minors to investigate whether societal violence has decreased since their spanking ban in 1979.The rates of all assaults increased dramatically. Compared to 1981, criminal statistics in 2010 included about 22 times as many cases of physical child abuse, 24 times as many assaults by minors against minors, and 73 times as many ra...

This study examined separate and combined maternal and paternal use of spanking with children at age 3 and children's subsequent aggressive behavior at age 5. The sample was derived from a birth cohort study and included families (n = 923) in which both parents lived with the child at age 3. In this sample, 44% of 3-year-olds were spanked 2 times or more in the past month by either parent or bo...

In this paper, we consider three U.S. public policies that potentially influence the work decisions of mothers of infants—parental leave laws, exemptions from welfare work requirements, and child care subsidies for low-income families. We estimate the effects of these policies on the timing of work participation after birth, and on a range of outcomes in the subsequent four years, using a group...

Data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study--Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) were used to test the hypothesis that approaches to learning (ATL) mediates the link between parental divorce and academic achievement. Fixed effects regression was utilized to test for mediation, and subsequent moderation analyses examining gender and age at time of divorce also were conducted. Results indicated tha...

Studies on delinquent behaviour have frequently shown that firstborn children are less involved in delinquency than middle-born children. We suggest that differential parental control of the children depending on their ordinal position might account for this phenomenon. The study, carried out with a French representative sample (n /1129), indicated that firstborns were more supervised than midd...

In this study we examine the cytoplasmic inheritance patterns of an interspecific hybridizing population of Fremont and narrowleaf cottonwoods, using mitochondrial DNA. Three mitochondrial probes showing polymorphisms were used to distinguish between trees of known nuclear inheritance. Every tree screened had only one cytoplasmic genotype, either Fremont or narrowleaf. Thus, these results demon...

Trees can improve air quality, but at the same time, pollution might put them at risk. Plane(Platanus orientalis L) and willow trees (Salix babylonicaL) are important trees in the green space of Tehran. Plane trees in Tehran have experienced early autumn in recent years due to severe air pollution. The present study, investigated some physiological traits of these trees under study to determine...

Dispersal quality, as estimated by the cumulative effects of dispersal, germination, seed predation, and seedling survival, was examined for Beilschmiedia pendula (Lauraceae) in Monteverde, Costa Rica. I determined the pattern of dispersal by finding seeds deposited by birds, protected the seeds from seed predators with cages to assess germination and seedling survival, and examined seed predat...

the aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (act) on reducing internalizing symptoms in children and reducing parental stress (ps) in mothers. research design of this study was quasi-experimental research with a pre/post test design with a control group. using cluster sampling from among all the school children of the 2013-2014 school year at isfa...

the aim of this study was assessing the effectiveness of child-centered play therapy (ccpt) on reducing internalizing symptoms in children and reduced parental stress in mothers. the method of this study was quasi-experimental research study using a pretest-post-test along with the control group. a group of 20 children with 7 and 8 age in 2012-2013 school year (n=10 experimental and n=10 contro...