the maintenance of the endangered caspian brown trout salmo trutta caspius populations in iran depends on its artificial breeding. there is no information on how current hatchery breeding protocol influences effective population size of breeders (ne), which is a critical parameter to maintain genetic diversity in future generations. the current hatchery protocol (chp) was comparatively evaluate...

Apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh.) breeding at the University of Minnesota (UMN) has been ongoing continuously since 1908 when staff originally planted thousands seedlings from open-pollinated (OP) seeds collected regional orchards. The first cultivar program, ‘Minnehaha’, was introduced in 1920 and several others these OP followed over next 3 decades. Controlled crosses were initiated 1916, unt...

DNA is a unique piece of genetic material within biological organisms. Nowadays, molecular techniques can be used to generate DNA fingerprinting in many species of animals. It is used in a variety of applications in veterinary medicine such as parentage testing, wildlife investigation and individual and sex identification. The samples can be collected from any biological samples such as blood, ...

Tandem repeat patterns are very useful for biologists as they describes a pattern that helps to determine an individual's inherited traits. Tandem repeats can be very useful in determining parentage. These repeated nucleotides play a very important role to analyse and understand the various disorders available in cancer disease. Various data mining techniques like clustering, association analys...