Stroke in China To the Editor: I read with interest the important article on proportion of different subtypes of stroke in China.1 However, it was unclear to me if stroke due to paradoxical embolism was included or excluded in the study. Because paradoxical embolism is a frequent cause of stroke in the young2,3 and because paradoxical embolism is nowadays a preventable disease,3,4 the knowledge...

SETTING Glasgow, Scotland, UK. BACKGROUND Paradoxical reactions in tuberculosis (TB) are a notable example of our incomplete understanding of host-pathogen interactions during anti-tuberculosis treatment. OBJECTIVES To determine risk factors for a TB paradoxical reaction, and specifically to assess for an independent association with vitamin D use. DESIGN Consecutive human immunodeficienc...

This paper proposes a paraconsistent and nonmonotonic extension of description logic by planting a nonmonotonic mechanism called minimal inconsistency in paradoxical description logics, which is a paraconsistent version of description logics. A precedence relation between two paradoxical models of knowledge bases is firstly introduced to obtain minimally paradoxical models by filtering those mo...

Motor and sensory cortical tongue representations were examined in 40 patients with intractable seizures who underwent chronic subdural electrode grid implantation. Tongue responses were observed in a wide area 4.5 cm anterior and 3 cm posterior to the central sulcus. The distribution of the responses was not influenced by whether the responses were unilateral or bilateral. In patients with fro...

Chlorophyll and carotenoid content (ChCar), lipid peroxidation (LP) and growth parameters (GP) in plants are often used for environmental pollution estimation. However, the nonmonotonic dose-response dependences (hormesis and paradoxical effects) of these indices are insufficiently explored following exposure to different pollutants. In this experiment, we studied nonmonotonic changes in ChCar,...

INTRODUCTION A paradoxical reaction during antituberculosis treatment is defined as the worsening of pre-existing tuberculosis lesions or the appearance of a new tuberculosis lesion in patients whose clinical symptoms improved with antituberculosis treatment. The median onset time to the development of a paradoxical response has been reported to be about 60 days after the start of treatment. We...

The process of consciously trying to avoid certain thoughts is referred to as thought suppression. Experimental research has documented that thought suppression may have paradoxical effects in that it leads to an increased frequency of the to-be-suppressed thought intruding consciousness. It has also been claimed that suppression has disruptive effects on episodic memory (i.e., a less paradoxic...

We investigated the role of the glutamatergic and endogenous opioidergic systems in the paradoxical pain evoked by the simultaneous application of innocuous warm and cold stimuli to the skin with a "thermal grill". Two parallel randomized, double-blind, cross-over studies, including two groups of 12 healthy volunteers, were carried out to compare the effects of i.v. ketamine or naloxone to thos...

Aim: To evaluate the paradoxical pupillary constriction in darkness in patients with Pingelapese achromatopsia (PA), and to describe a connection between this phenomenon and the clinical features. Methods: 27 patients with PA were examined. All underwent a full ophthalmic examination which included Snellen visual acuity and ophthalmoscopy. Colour vision examination was performed with Ishihara p...