Cyclic GMP-AMP containing a unique combination of mixed phosphodiester linkages (2'3'-cGAMP) is an endogenous second messenger molecule that activates the type-I IFN pathway upon binding to the homodimer of the adaptor protein STING on the surface of endoplasmic reticulum membrane. However, the preferential binding of the asymmetric ligand 2'3'-cGAMP to the symmetric dimer of STING represents a...

Introduction In 2000 the World Health Organization reported that in the USA there were 54 deaths attributed to bee stings from a population of 281 million. Only 0.4% of the population is allergic to stings. First line treatment of stings is Epinephrine best delivered when anaphylactic symptoms are first noted. In the spring of 2012 two males were stung in Windsor Essex County resulting cardiac ...

Aberrant STING and Interferon (IFN) signaling are hallmarks of SLE, a female-biased disease, where amplified type I IFN responses by keratinocytes (KCs) lead to increased Stimulated Genes (ISGs) expression. Here we show that HERC6, which encodes for an E3 ubiquitin ligase, with unknown role in the skin, is induced basal layer human SLE epidermis coinciding marked decrease number sex-biased gene...

Background: In our 1976 controlled venom immunotherapy trial, 33% of 182 patients with a history of systemic reactions to insect stings were excluded because of negative venom skin test responses. There have been reports of patients with negative skin test responses who have had severe reactions to subsequent stings. Objective: Our aim is to increase awareness about the patient with a negative ...

Targeted protein upregulation by modulating the interaction between a target and its E3 ligase is strategy opposite to targeted degradation (PROTAC). In their Research Article (e202300978), Dong-Sup Lee, Seung Bum Park enhanced cellular STING levels inhibiting STING-TRIM29 interaction, which activates innate immune responses in tumor microenvironment potentiates immune-oncology treatment changi...

A previously healthy man developed an acute encephalopathy with coma after a single wasp sting on his chin. Brain CT showed bilateral pallidostriatal radio-lucencies. He died 72 hours after the sting with no evidence of primary cardiorespiratory failure or allergic reaction. Pathological findings were bilateral pallidostriatal necrosis and diffuse neuronal damage in the frontal, temporal, and p...

Reactions to Hymenoptera insect stings are common. While most are self-limited, some induce systemic allergic reactions or anaphylaxis. Prompt recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of these reactions are important for improving quality-of-life and reducing the risk of future sting reactions. This review summarizes the current recommendations to diagnose and treat Hymenoptera sting induced aller...

We report three patients with corneal bee sting at our tertiary care center in a three-year period starting from 2014 to 2016. All patients sustained a bee sting injury to the cornea. All patients received early preoperative topical antibiotics, topical cycloplegic and intensive topical steroids. However, the timing of the initial presentation, the duration, and the location of the retained sti...