Based on World Health Organization (WHO) report in the 2011 Skin diseases still remain common in many rural communities in developing countries, with serious economic and social consequences as well as health implications. Directly or indirectly, skin diseases are responsible for much disability (and loss of economic potential), disfigurement, and distress due to symptoms such as itching or pai...

background and objectives: this study aimed to validate the west haven-yale multidimensional pain inventory (whympi) for iranian patients with chronic pain. methods: 585 patients with chronic pain in legs, back, hands, neck and shoulders were entered into this study. the west haven-yale multidimensional pain inventory (whympi) was used for assessment of pain in these patients. for validation of...

background: the need to relieve pain and inflammation after periodontal surgery and the side effects of systemic drugs and advantages of topical drugs, made us to evaluate the effect of diclofenac mouthwash on periodontal postoperative pain.     methods: in this double-blind, randomized clinical trial study 20 quadrants of 10 patients(n=20) aged between 22-54 who also acted as their own control...

The use of acupuncture as a method of pain relief in Western medicine is based on a wide range of clinical trials, and there is no doubt that it has significant effect in the treatment of acute and chronic pain, as to the pain classification. Acupuncture has been recognized as a pain relief method in most countries and is commonly used in general practice and at pain relief clinics in addition ...

For the perioperative management, acute and chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) are urgent medical matters to be considered. The International Association for Study of Pain (IASP) has named 2017 as Global Year Against After Surgery where they focused on after surgery. As one various aspects pain, had published fact sheet “Chronic Postsurgical (CPSP): Definition, Impact, Prevention”. In sheet, conc...

The placebo effect is a component of any response to a treatment (effective or inert), but we still ignore why it exists. We propose that placebo analgesia is a facet of pain perception, others being the modulating effects of emotions, cognition and past experience, and we suggest that a computational understanding of pain may provide a unifying explanation of these phenomena. Here we show how ...

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), also known as tic douloureux, is a pain syndrome recognizable by patient history alone. The condition is characterized by intermittent unilateral facial pain. The pain follows the unilateral (>95%) sensory distribution of trigeminal nerve (V), typically radiating to the maxillary (V2) or mandibular (V3) area. Ophthalmic division (V1) pain alone occurs in <5% patients....

Neuromodulation is based on the revolutionary concept that paresthesia-inducing electrical stimulation could be analgesic. Its historical basis emanates from Melzack and Wall's gate control theory of pain proposed in 1965. Neuromodulation has given us ready access to the systems of pain modulation and helped mature the understanding of the pathophysiology of pain. Physiologic studies highlight ...

The cause of pain in a phantom limb after partial or complete deafferentation is an important problem. A popular but increasingly controversial theory is that it results from maladaptive reorganization of the sensorimotor cortex, suggesting that experimental induction of further reorganization should affect the pain, especially if it results in functional restoration. Here we use a brain-machin...

Patients presenting with referred dental orofacial pain are not rare in dental clinics. The most common cause for referred dental craniofacial pain is of odontogenic origin. An accurate diagnosis will depend on a comprehensive clinical exam and dental history review. For differential diagnosis, it is critical to consider both the odontognic and nonodontogenic etiology. Once a correct diagnosis ...