OBJECTIVE This study examined modulation of trigeminal pain/nociception by 2 supraspinal mechanisms: emotional controls of nociception and diffuse noxious inhibitory controls. BACKGROUND Prior research suggests emotional picture viewing (emotional controls) and tonic noxious stimuli (diffuse noxious inhibitory controls) engage supraspinal mechanisms to modulate pain and nociceptive processes....

OBJECTIVE Chronic pain is believed to be related to a dysfunction of descending pain modulatory mechanisms. Functioning of descending pain modulation can be assessed by various methods, including conditioned pain modulation (CPM). CPM refers to the inhibition of one source of pain by a second noxious stimulus, termed the conditioning stimulus. This procedure can activate an endogenous pain inhi...

objective(s): the present study investigated the effects of microinjection of histamine and histamine h1, h2, and h3 receptor antagonists, chlorpheniramine, ranitidine and thioperamide, respectively into the primary somatosensory cortex (psc) on inflammatory pain.   material and methods: two stainless steel guide canulas were bilaterally implanted into the psc of anaesthetized rats. inflammator...

introduction: in this study the effect of matricaria recutita extract on acute pain in the presence and absence of flumazenil (antagonist of benzodiazepine) and lesioned paragigantocellularis (pgi) nucleus was investigated. method: wistar male rats (250±20 g) were used. animals were grouped randomly into intact, sham and bilateral lesion of pgi nucleus. intact and lesioned animals, each divided...

the parafascicular nucleus (pfn) of thalamus, as a supraspinal structure, has an important role in processing of nociceptive information. in addition, μ-opioid receptor contributes to supraspinal modulation of nociception. in the present study, the effects of microinjection of naloxone (a non-specific opioid-receptor antagonist) and naloxonazine (a specific μ-opioid receptor antagonist) were in...