Energy in the form of ATP is continually produced by all cells for normal growth and function. Anaerobic glycolysis can provide enough ATP for some cells, but energetic cells such as cardiomyocytes and neurons require a more efficient ATP supply, which can only be provided by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Invented by bacteria that became symbiotically associated with other bacteria t...

1. A spectrophotometric procedure is described which specifically measures oxidative phosphorylation in submitochondrial particles in the diphosphopyridine nucleotide-cytochrome b segment of the respiratory chain. It is based on the reduction of exogenous coenzyme Q1 by reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide catalyzed by phosphorylating submitochondrial particles from beef heart and rat liver. 2....

Macrophages adopt a variety of phenotypes that are a reflection of the many functions they perform as part of the immune system. In particular, metabolism is a phenotypic trait that differs between classically activated, proinflammatory macrophages, and alternatively activated, prohealing macrophages. Inflammatory macrophages have a metabolism based on glycolysis while alternatively activated m...

Our previous study demonstrated that 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) administered to mice stimulates oxidative phosphorylation by upregulation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (COX). The present study investigated whether ALA disrupts the Warburg effect, which represents a shift in ATP generation from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, protecting t...

1. A spectrophotometric procedure is described which specifically measures oxidative phosphorylation in submitochondrial particles in the diphosphopyridine nucleotide-cytochrome b segment of the respiratory chain. It is based on the reduction of exogenous coenzyme Q1 by reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide catalyzed by phosphorylating submitochondrial particles from beef heart and rat liver. 2....

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Skn7p is a stress response transcription factor that undergoes aspartyl phosphorylation by the Sln1p histidine kinase. Aspartyl phosphorylation of Skn7p is required for activation of genes required in response to wall stress, but Skn7p also activates oxidative stress response genes in an aspartyl phosphorylation-independent manner. The presence of binding sites for the ...

Oxidative stress is a well-known inducer of neuronal apoptosis and axonal degeneration. We previously showed that the E3 ubiquitin ligase ZNRF1 promotes Wallerian degeneration by degrading AKT to induce GSK3B activation. We now demonstrate that oxidative stress serves as an activator of the ubiquitin ligase activity of ZNRF1 by inducing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated phosphory...

Escherichia coli accumulates thiomethyl-beta-d-galactoside against a concentration gradient under anaerobic conditions. The accumulation was abolished by carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, tetrachlorosalicylanilide, 2,4 dinitrophenol, and other uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation even though oxidative phosphorylation would not be expected to occur anaerobically. In the presence of the...

mitochondria are unique organelles with major role in cellular function, not only as a major site of atp production, but also by regulating energy expenditure, apoptosis signaling, and production of reactive oxygen species. they play a central role in determining the point-of-no-return for the apoptotic process. there is accumulating evidence supporting a direct link between mitochondria, oxida...