Acquired pendular nystagmus (APN) occurs with multiple sclerosis (MS) and oculopalatal tremor (OPT); distinct features of the nystagmus have led to the development of separate models for their pathogenesis. APN in MS has been attributed to instability in the neural integrator, which normally ensures steady gaze. APN in OPT may result from electrotonic coupling between neurons in the hypertrophi...

BACKGROUND People in prison have a higher burden of blood-borne virus (BBV) infection than the general population, and prisons present an opportunity to test for BBVs in high-risk, underserved groups. Changes to the BBV testing policies in English prisons have recently been piloted. This review will enable existing evidence to inform policy revisions. We describe components of routine HIV, hepa...

Methods Male Wistar rats (weight 306 ± 15g) underwent arterial and central venous cannulation, tracheostomy, bladder catheterization and placement of a liver tissue pO2 sensor (Oxford Optronix, Oxford, UK). Controlled haemorrhage (45% of estimated blood volume) was induced over 15 minutes and sustained shock (MAP target 40-45 mmHg) was maintained for an additional 75 minutes. After crystalloid ...