Abstract What drives investment in automation technologies? This paper documents a positive relationship between labor-friendly institutions and industrial robots sample of advanced developing economies. Institutions explain substantial share cross-country variation automation. The is stronger sunk cost-intensive industries, where producers are vulnerable to holdup. result suggests that one rea...

A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the flow pattern transitions and water holdup during oil–water–gas three-phase considering both a horizontal section vertical transportation pipe simultaneously. The flowing media white mineral oil, distilled water, air. Dimensionless numbers controlling multiphase deduced understand scaling law process. was simplified as two-phase gas liqui...

The most common scale-up approach for gas–solids fluidized beds is based on matching the governing dimensionless parameters. In literature, this has been validated only by means of measuring global parameters between different sizes beds. However, such measurements are not sufficient to depict all interplaying hydrodynamic phenomena and hence verify relationships. Therefore, assess approach, an...

Currently, computational fluid dynamics has become the primary method for analyzing flow state inside machine. Herein, Ansys Fluent software is used to design a more effective oil-field device, namely, gas–liquid cylindrical cyclone (GLCC)-horizontal combined separator. The characteristics of mixed flow, turbulence intensity, and phase volume fraction distribution are analyzed, factors affectin...

Oil-water two-phase flow is widespread in petroleum industry processes. The study of oil-water two-phase flow in horizontal pipes and the liquid holdup measurement of oil-water two-phase flow are of great importance for the optimization of the oil production process. This paper presents a novel sensor, i.e., a mini-conductance probe (MCP) for measuring pure-water phase conductivity of oil-water...

An important theme of modern contract theory is the role contracts play to protect parties from the risk of holdup and thereby encouraging their relationship specific investments. While this perspective has generated valuable insights about various contracts, the underlying models abstract from realistic investment dynamics. We reexamine the role of contracts in a dynamic model that endogenizes...