We measure X-ray emission from the outskirts of the cluster of galaxies PKS 0745-191 with Suzaku, determining radial profiles of density, temperature, entropy, gas fraction, and mass. These measurements extend beyond the virial radius for the first time, providing new information about cluster assembly and the diffuse intracluster medium out to ∼ 1.5r200 (r200 ≃ 1.7 Mpc ≃ 15). The temperature i...

BACKGROUND Iran has one of the lowest alcoholic beverage use rates in comparison with other countries, because it is legally forbidden and because of religious beliefs. Even so, unrecorded and noncommercial alcohol remains a considerable concern, which needs special attention. OBJECTIVES In the current research, we have studied the general composition of noncommercial alcohol samples to ident...

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of refractive condition and its risk factors among students in Mashhad. Methods: A total of 2510 students representing a cross-sectional of the population of Mashhad were sampled using random cluster sampling strategy. Primary and middle school students underwent cycloplegic refraction. The refractive errors of high school students were measured using non-cy...

BACKGROUND Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic and common disease, which is characterized by heartburn and regurgitation. In the last couple of decades, GERD has received much attention and studies have shown an increase in its prevalence. Although there have been a few studies on the prevalence of GERD in Iran, no study has yet been done in the northeastern part of the country....

BACKGROUND/AIM Several types of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), with variations in different parts of the genome, have been isolated from different regions of the world. Based on heterogenic sequences in the isolated genome, HCV is classified into different genotypes and subtypes. Data on distribution of HCV genotypes in a certain region could be important to patient management. Therefore, this st...

OBJECTIVES Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria have an important role in nosocomial infections. Due to the limited availability of information about the molecular epidemiology of ESBL producing bacteria in Mashhad, we decided to investigate about TEM, CTX and SHV ESBLs among urinary Escherichia coli isolates in Mashhad, a city in northeast Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS On...