This chapter examines South Africa’s growth performance since 1994 within a growth-accounting framework, and assesses growth prospects going forward.1 Near-term prospects can be captured by potential output growth and the output gap (the difference between actual and potential output). Together with other indicators, this can provide an indication of the intensity of resource utilization and in...

temporomandibular joint ankylosis causes limitation in mouth opening and establishes severe deformity and asymmetry in patient’s face, especially in children. surgery is the only treatment. this study was conducted to compare the effect of two surgical approaches, gap arthropasty and interpositional gap arthroplasty, on rate of maximum interincisal opening in temporomandibular joint ankylosis. ...

Gap junctions are widely distributed in the brains across species and play essential roles in neural information processing. However, the role of gap junctions in insect cognition remains poorly understood. Using a flight simulator paradigm and genetic tools, we found that gap junctions are present in Drosophila Kenyon cells (KCs), the major neurons of the mushroom bodies (MBs), and showed that...

The torpid recovery of the job market in the wake of the 2001 recession has continued to be the focus of much discussion among economists and policy makers as job growth continues to only creep upwards from its low four years after the start of the recovery. Correspondingly, unemployment numbers remained seemingly high for much longer than forecasters had predicted, even as the rest of the econ...

The natural rate is the equilibrium rate under flexible prices, and the gap is the difference between the actual and natural rates. Since prices adjust eventually, the Beveridge–Nelson (B–N) decomposition gives the statistical counterparts of the two notions. Measuring cycles in the gap is of interest from the new neoclassical synthesis perspective. The Bayesian multivariate B–N decomposition g...

We develop a procedure for testing the quality of a candidate solution for a class of stochastic programs. Quality is defined via the optimality gap and the procedure’s output is a confidence interval on this gap. We review a multiple-replications procedure and then, we present a result that justifies a computationally simplified single-replication procedure. We compare empirical coverage resul...

Signal output from receptor-G-protein-effector modules is a dynamic function of the nucleotide exchange activity of the receptor, the GTPase-accelerating activity of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and their interactions. GAPs may inhibit steady-state signaling but may also accelerate deactivation upon removal of stimulus without significantly inhibiting output when the receptor is active. F...