We investigate how the retailer adjusts optimal ordering policy in the presence of cap-and-trade system and trade credit, and the corresponding changes of the retailer’s total costs and carbon footprint. Trade credit is one of the most used short-term financing tools. Our study shows that carbon emissions trading will shorten the ordering cycle for products that emit more carbon dioxide during ...

In this paper, the cost function for a three-echelon inventory system with two warehouses is derived. Transportation times are constant and retailers face independent Poisson demand. Replenishments are one-for-one. The lead time of a retailer is determined not only by the constant transportation time but also by the random delay incurred due to the availability of stock at the warehouses. We co...

Keywords A Note on Inequality Criteria absolute differentials ordering relative differentials ordering Lorenz ordering JEL classiication March 2001 The (ADO) and the (RDO) have been introduced as suitable alternative inequality criteria to (LO). We provide two new alternative proofs that ADO and RDO are sub-orderings of LO. Furthermore , we point out some paradoxical situationss, where these tw...

We propose a new R-tree structure that outperforms all the older ones. The heart of the idea is to facilitate the deferred splitting approach in R-trees. This is done by proposing an ordering on the R-tree nodes. This ordering has to be 'good', in the sense that it should group 'similar' data rectangles together, to minimize the area and perimeter of the resulting minimum bounding rectangles (M...

Mitigating the bullwhip effect is one of crucial problems in supply chain management. In this research, centralized and decentralized model predictive control strategies are applied to control inventory positions and to reduce the bullwhip effect in a benchmark four-echelon supply chain. The supply chain under consideration is described by discrete dynamic models characterized by balance equati...

generally ordering policies are done by two methods, including fix order quantity (foq) and fix order period (fop). these methods are static and either the quantity of ordering or the procedure of ordering is fixing in throughout time horizon. in real environments, demand is varying in any period and may be considered as uncertainty. when demand is variable in any period, the traditional and st...