The syntactic structure of the deontic “ought” has been much debated in philosophy and linguistics. Schroeder argues that is syntactically ambiguous sense it can be associated with either a control or raising construction. He distinguishes between deliberative evaluative “ought”s while raising. However, if there “ought,” implies which word carries an external argument. Chrisman (Australas J Phi...

This study examined the effect of the ZPD-based discourse scaffolding on EFL learners' co-construction of L2 metadiscourse performing collaborative writing tasks and explored the discourse scaffolding dynamics. The participants were 160 EFL students that were assigned to four different treatment conditions: (i) formal teaching, (ii) input enhancement, (iii) non-ZPD interaction, and (iv) ZPD-bas...

If democracy implies political equality, in the sense that everyone has roughly the same opportunity to influence political decisions, we may ask: ”Who are included among ‘everyone’?” In other words, if ”democracy” is government “by the people”, who are included among “the people”? This may be called ”the boundary problem in democratic theory”. The problem is not what actually existing peoples ...

Most philosophers believe that a person can have an obligation only insofar as she is able to fulfil it, a principle generally referred to as "Ought Implies Can". Arguably, this principle reflects something basic about the ordinary concept of obligation. However, in a paper published recently in this journal, Wesley Buckwalter and John Turri presented evidence for the conclusion that ordinary p...

this study examined the effect of the zpd-based discourse scaffolding on efl learners' co-construction of l2 metadiscourse performing collaborative writing tasks and explored the discourse scaffolding dynamics. the participants were 160 efl students that were assigned to four different treatment conditions: (i) formal teaching, (ii) input enhancement, (iii) non-zpd interaction, and (iv) zpd-bas...

In the field of second language (L2) research, there is a growing recognition vital need to explore diversity emotional experiences learning. This paper explores problem foreign classroom shame (FLCS) in Japanese classes among university students China. study investigated China students’ perspectives on L2 learning Japanese. Studies have shown that not only affects learners' linguistic confiden...

Abstract A thorny question surrounding the meaning of ought concerns a felt distinction between deontic uses that seem to evaluate state affairs versus those describe requirement or obligation perform an action, as in (A) and (B), respectively. There not be childhood death disease. (B) You keep promise. Various accounts have been offered explain contrast “agentive” “non-agentive” sentences. One...

When the Internet was initially constructed it was a defacto playground for researchers. The research community built the Internet and refined it by monitoring traffic and tinkering with protocols and applications. The days of the Internet being a research sandbox are clearly over. Today, society at-large depends on the Internet as a crucial piece of infrastructure for communication and commerc...