In this paper, we propose a novel method for increasing the entropy of a sequence of independent, discrete random variables with arbitrary distributions. The method uses an auxiliary table and a novel theorem that concerns the entropy of a sequence in which the elements are a bitwise exclusive-or sum of independent discrete random variables.

Forest fires are one of the major threats to natural and human built environments and have shown a tendency to increase in recent years. They are the result of several combined natural and social factors making their study and management particularly difficult and requiring the intervention of several scientific fields. One of the major issues of forest fires is associated with the combustion a...

We demonstrate that optical heterodyne imaging directly measures smoothed Wigner phase space distributions. This method may be broadly applicable to fundamental studies of light propagation and tomographic imaging. Basic physical properties of Wigner distributions are illustrated by experimental measurements.

According to a recently developed theory of wave propagation in marine sediments, the dispersion relationships for the phase speed and attenuation of the compressional and the shear wave depend on only three macroscopic physical variables: porosity, grain size, and depth in the sediment. The dispersion relations also involve three (real) parameters, assigned fixed values, representing microscop...

An understanding of the photochemical and photo-physical processes, which occur during photo-polymerization, is of extreme importance when attempting to improve a photopolymer material’s performance for a given application. Recent work carried out on the modeling of photopolymers duringand post-exposure, has led to the development of a tool, which can be used to predict the behavior of a number...

Explicit expressions are given for the relative variance of the output screen of X-ray image intensifiers, and for detection quantum efficiency as a function of the technical features of the intensifier. The analysis takes into account all conversion stages and physical processes inside the image intensifier and includes a special treatment of scintillation. The results are analysed numerically...

Motivated by present indirect evidence that galaxies are surrounded by dark matter halos, we investigate whether their physical properties can be described by a formulation of the virial theorem that explicitly takes into account the gravitational potential term representing the interaction of the dark halo with the baryonic or luminous component. Our analysis shows that the application of such...

Most people perceive and interpret reality in terms of either/or: someone is either good or bad, friendly or unfriendly, intelligent or stupid, loving or unloving—and the list could be continued indefinitely, not only for qualities of people but also for anything else. Thus, reality is perceived in terms of mutually exclusive opposites. But is reality really like that? Or is this opposition our...

Double roller quenching of Li2B204(0.9)-LiFe5Og(0.1) has been performed with various melt temperatures and roller • speeds .The changes in physical properties or in the devitrification process of the amorphous samples are shown to be related to the LiFejOg content variations or to the Fe^ appearance but not to structural changes of the amorphous state due to preparation processes