Ca(2+) imaging is a commonly used approach for measuring Ca(2+) signals at high spatial resolution. The method is often combined with electrode recordings to correlate electrical and chemical signals or to investigate Ca(2+) signals following an electrical stimulation. To obtain information on electrical activity at the same spatial resolution, Ca(2+) imaging must be combined with membrane pote...

Introduction Since 1991, when optical coherence tomography (OCT) was first introduced as a tool for investigation in ophthalmology, OCT has become the mainstay in retinal imaging and, in some situations, has supplanted fundus fluoresce in angiography which is regarded, even today, as the gold standard for investigations in choroidal and retinal disorders. By definition, OCT represents a non-inv...

Free-space optical (FSO) communication offers significant technical and operational advantages such as higher bandwidth capacity, robustness to electromagnetic interference, a high degree of spatial confinement (bringing virtually unlimited reuse and inherent security), low power requirements, and unregulated spectrum. FSO communication can be deployed as an efficient solution for a wide range ...

The techniques and components used to measure both linear and circular polarization at wavelengths from 0.3 μm to 20 μm are reviewed. Some emphasis is given to the implementation of polarimetry on the latest generation of large-aperture telescopes and some of the difficulties being encountered are addressed.

This paper presents an application of optic flow estimation to image metamorphosis. It uses a state of the art optical flow algorithm to do image metamorphosis, which is used in video production. The method presented automates the labor intensive process of image animation. It an advanced optic flow algorithm but the rest of it is simple: most of the code fits in the limited space of this summary.

The switching speeds of electronics cannot keep up with the transmission capacity offered by optics. All-optical switch fabrics play a central role in the effort to migrate the switching functions to the optical layer. Optical packet switching provides an almost arbitrary fine granularity but faces significant challenges in the processing and buffering of bits at high speeds. Generalized multip...

Today’s high demand for increasing the data transmission rate motivates a great challenge to improve the spectral efficiency of fiber-optical channels. In order to achieve a higher spectral efficiency, exploiting an advanced coded modulation scheme is inevitable. Since a general fiber-optic link is a non-Gaussian channel with nonlinear behavior, new coded modulation schemes need to be designed ...

*Author for correspondence, email: [email protected] Summary ............................................................................................................................................................... 201

We describe a novel, versatile process for fabricating integrated Bragg-grating devices. Our process addresses many of the critical challenges presented by such devices, including period selection, alignment, spatial coherence, and nanolithography. Using a combination of e-beam, x-ray, optical, and interference lithographies, we have successfully employed this process to construct 244 nm period...