Opium has been cultivated in Afghanistan since 1100 A.D., although production has steadily increased since 1979. Currently, Afghanistan produces three-quarters of the global opium supply, with injection drug use and HIV currently following the opium trade route through Central Asia. Although systematic studies are lacking, heroin use appears to be on the rise in Afghanistan. The purpose of this...

Studies showed that one of the oldest and prevalent drugs used by Iranians is opium. Due to reduction in the age of myocardial infarction and overall mortality by using opium and potentially dangerous side effects, prevention programs are necessary, especially in patients admitted to the wards, orthopedics, and internal surgery to reduce the incidence of DVT complications. By taking into accoun...

One of the highest areas of esophageal cancer incidence in the world is in northeastern Iran where up to 180 new cases/ 100,000 have been recorded per annum among Turkaman and Mazandarani villagers (10, 12). Although its use has been illegal in Iran since 1955, opium and its recycled pyrolytic product shireh are commonly smoked socially or are eaten for various bodily aches, diarrhea, and insom...

VIRGINIA BERRIDGE and GRIFFITH EDWARDS, Opium and the people: Opiate use in nineteenth-century England, London, Allen Lane; New York, St. Martin's Press, 1981, 8vo, pp. xxx, 369, £20.00. After reading Opium and the people, one is tempted to believe that opium was the religion of the masses. The drug was omnipresent in Victorian society. It was sold, without restriction, not only by chemists, bu...

Background: Buprenorphine dependence is a new issue and to our knowledge no scientific papers have been published on treatment of buprenorphine dependency. The goal of this research was to characterize intravenous buprenorphine-dependent individuals with respect to socio-demographic and other background features, and to investigate the effect of methadone in the maintenance treatment of intrave...

Abstract Background: Identity disturbance is one of the DSM-IV criteria for borderline personality disorder, but there has been little attention to its nature. Four subsets of identity disturbance (role absorption, painful incoherence, inconsistency and lack of commitment) have been assessed. This study aimed to assess the role of these subsets in patients with borderline person...

BACKGROUND Opium abuse significantly affects the nutritional status of users and frequently leads to undernourishment. Methadone maintenance therapy has been used as one of the possible ways to prevent of infection diseases such as HIV and hepatitis B and C and improve the quality of life in opioid-dependent patients. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the anthropometric and socio...

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of opium dependency on the healing of third-degree burns in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-four rats were randomly divided to experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, opium was added to the drinking water for 21 days at increasing concentrations. The control group did not receive opium. To prove dependency on opium in ...

BackgroundOpium consumption has recently been identified as a carcinogen, but the impact of opium use on cancer burden is unknown. We aimed to evaluate fraction cancers that could be attributed alone and in combination with cigarette smoking region where widely used.Methods50,045 Iranian adults were recruited this prospective cohort study between 2004 2008 followed through January 2022. assesse...