passages occurring in ' Ain-i-akbari \ Its use appears to have been started because of its power of allaying dikrrhcea and vomiting, relieving cough and pains, such as colic, and producing sleep. Dr. Roberts in the Report of the Royal Commission on Opium (1893-94) stated that administration of opium to infants was common and that it was considered a popular household remedy for their ailments. ...

OBJECTIVE One of the best known side effects of using opium is spasm of the sphincter of Oddi, which may increase the diameter of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Ultrasound is the first imaging modality used for evaluating the biliary system because it is commonly available and noninvasive. The principal objective of this study was to measure the common bile duct (CBD) diameter via ultrasonography...

there is a misconception among our people that opioids may prevent or have ameliorating effects in the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. in this study we evaluated 556 consecutive male patients hospitalized due to acute myocardial infarction (mi) in city of yazd, from may 2000 to october 2001 and compared the characteristics of opium addicts to non opium users. prevalence of opium addictio...

objective(s): the aim of this study was to determine the important molecules involved in apoptosis induction by opium in jurkat cell line. materials and methods: jurkat cells were incubated 48 hrs with2.86×10-5 g/ml concentration of opium and apoptosis as well as expression levels of related molecules weremeasured. results: our results demonstrated that 50.3±0.2 percent of opium treated jurkat ...

The Opium Wars of 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860 marked a new stage in China’s relations with the West. China’s military defeats in these wars forced its rulers to sign treaties opening many ports to foreign trade. The restrictions imposed under the Canton system were abolished. Opium, despite imperial prohibitions, now became a regular item of trade. As opium flooded into China, its price dropp...

BACKGROUND The relationship between substance use and sleep is bidirectional. Substance use directly causessleep disturbances, and sleep problems are a critical factor in substance-use relapse. METHODS This study evaluated sleep disorders in 65 methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients, and61 opium-dependent patients who did not receive any treatment between September 2011 and July 2012 ...

BACKGROUND There are a number of adjuvants to be used for local anesthetics in spinal block. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the possible effect of intrathecal midazolam compared with bupivacaine as adjuvants in spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine in chronic opium abuses. METHODS In a double blind, randomized clinical trial, 90 opium abuser patients undergoing lower limb orthopedic su...

SOME justification is necessary for adding to the list of suspected opium-takers of the past. The academic game of seizing on certain similarities between the thought of a selected victim and the features supposed to be characteristic of opium dreams long ago became something of a bad habit. In the case of Plotinus (205-270 A.D.), however, grounds for the belief can be found outside his own wri...

BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Various studies on the etiology of this disease are in progress. Some studies have suggested that opium abuse may is associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke. The present study aimed to analyze the frequency of opium addiction and to compare cerebrovascular ultrasound patients' changes to non-addicts. M...

first undisputed reference to "poppy juice" is found in the writings of Theophrastus in the third century B.C. the word opium being derived from the Greek word for "juice" the drug being obtained from the juice of the poppy Papaver sominiferum Arabian physicians were well versed in its uses and introduced the plant to the Orient Paracelsus, circa 1500, is credited with repopularising the drug i...