An increased risk of multiple sclerosis among smokers has been found in several prospective epidemiological studies. The association between smoking and progression of multiple sclerosis has not been examined. We identified patients who had a first multiple sclerosis diagnosis recorded in the General Practice Research Database (GPRD) between January 1993 and December 2000. Their diagnosis and d...

abstract objective: according to the previous studies, 2-5 percent of patients with multiple sclerosis experienced the first episode of disease before the age 16.  since the age of onset among children is not similar to that in general population, clinicians often fail to early diagnose the disease. this study aims to determine the epidemiological and clinical patterns of ms among iranian child...

a bstract       background:  patients with multiple sclerosis experience hospitalization several times in their lives. certainly, providing ef fi cient and high-quality care by healthcare professionals is not possible unless the experiences of patients’ hospitalization are taken into consideration. this qualitative study was aimed to identify experiences of patients with multiple sclerosis in t...

conclusions herpes simplex virus was present in more patients with ms than healthy cases. hsv may be directly or indirectly associated with ms development. further comprehensive molecular studies are needed to confirm the etiopathologic association between hsv and ms disease. results totally, 63 (76.8%) patients with ms showed a history of hsv exposure by anti-hsv testing compared to 70 (78.7%)...

conclusions the prevalence of ms showed an increasing rate of the disease in recent years. decreasing of the female to male ratio and patients’ low socio-economic level, need more studies. the increasing rate of patients with progressive relapsing feature and more disabled patients belong to this subtype show the poor prognosis. results a total of 142 patients were participated in this study. p...

conclusions the findings suggested that according to the ecological conditions of ahvaz, a family history of ms may increase the risk of developing ms. results in both cases and controls, no significant associations were found between arab ethnicity and incidence of ms, marital status and risk of ms in ahvaz, or more than 15-year residency in ahvaz, birth in khuzestan, and month of birth and th...

multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of central nervous system.women are more susceptible to this disease. one of the obvious clinical complaints in women with multiple sclerosis specially treated with beta interferones is menstrual cycle irregularity. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of menstrual irregularities and probable changes in blood levels of relate...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is a neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease which mediated by various molecular and cellular immune components however recent reports have shown that coagulation factors that traditionally separate from the immune system might also be involved in ms development and progression.studies on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) and human ms patients reports alterati...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is one of the autoimmune diseases with an unknown cause. the aim of this study was to explore the link between air quality and ms relapses in patients who suffer from ms.this time-series study was conducted on patients registered at the iranian multiple sclerosis society in 2011-2012. they were randomly selected from patients lived in tehran in the last five years, and h...

autoimmune diseases have been described as an interesting and poorly understood group of disorders. there are many challenges in the respective scientific societies concerning the nature, causes and the therapeutic approaches of these diseases. in accordance with the evidences the nature and etiology of these disorders is multifactorial and complex but the clearest definition could be expressed...