Cryptococcus neoformans, the agent of cryptococcosis, had been considered a homogeneous species until 1949 when the existence of four serotypes was revealed based on the antigenic properties of its polysaccharide capsule. Such heterogeneity of the species, however, remained obscure until the two morphologically distinct teleomorphs of C. neoformans were discovered during the mid 1970s. The tele...

Previously 11 Elaphropeza species were known from Taiwan. The following two species of the genus Elaphropeza are described: Elaphropeza flaviscutumsp. n. and Elaphropeza trimaculasp. n. One species, Elaphropeza plumata Yang, Merz & Grootaert, is newly recorded from Taiwan. A key to 14 known species of Elaphropeza from Taiwan is presented.

butterflies of the inani reserve forest were studied between may 2014 and may 2015. one hundred twenty five species of butterflies belonging to 84 genera and six families (hesperiidae, papilionidae, pieridae, lycaenidae, riodinidae and nymphalidae) were recorded during this study. the highest number of species comprised family nymphalidae (38 species, 30.4%) followed by lycaenidae (35 species, ...

The coexistence of competing species is, due to unavoidable fluctuations, always transient. In this Letter, we investigate the ultimate survival probabilities characterizing different species in cyclic competition. We show that they often obey a surprisingly simple, though nontrivial behavior. Within a model where coexistence is neutrally stable, we demonstrate a robust zero-one law: When the i...

We present one-dimensional molecular dynamics simulations of a two-species, initially uniform, freely evolving granular system. Colliding particles swap their relative position with a 50% probability allowing for the initial spatial ordering of the particles to evolve in time and frictional forces to operate. Unlike one-dimensional systems of identical particles, two-species one-dimensional sys...

The last decades have seen considerable efforts to understand nonequilibrium absorbing phase transitions from an active phase into an absorbing phase consisting of absorbing states [1]. Once the system is trapped into an absorbing state, it can never escape from the state. Various one dimensional lattice models exhibiting absorbing transitions have been studied, and most of them turn out to bel...

In this article we explore the different trajectories of this one drug, phenylbutazone, across two species, humans and horses in the period 1950-2000. The essay begins by following the introduction of the drug into human medicine in the early 1950s. It promised to be a less costly alternative to cortisone, one of the "wonder drugs" of the era, in the treatment of rheumatic conditions. Both drug...

We study one-dimensional two-species fermionic superfluids with order parameter twisted by an angle φ at the two ends. By solving the corresponding Bogoliubov-de-Gennes equation, we obtain the U(1) soliton state which turns out to carry φS/(2π) spin, where S is the spin of single fermion. For Z2 soliton with φ = π, the localized state carries only 1/2 of a single fermion spin. To conserve the t...

Renormalization group calculations for fluctuation-dominated reaction-diffusion systems are generally in agreement with simulations and exact solutions. However, simulations of the single-species reactions 3A -->(Ø,A,2A) at their upper critical dimension d(c)=1 have found asymptotic densities argued to be inconsistent with renormalization group predictions. We show that this discrepancy is reso...