The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol require Parties to take measures to minimise the adverse effects of climate change on vulnerable countries including small island states. In negotiations the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) argue that this should mean assistance for capacity building and transfer of technologies to help them adapt to a chan...

This article examines the intermingling of national security and oil supply in Finland through Finnish policy, 1948–1992. During Cold War, built its economy based on Soviet instead diversity multilateral cooperation. That was closely related to overarching War policy that prioritised political economic relations with Union, referred as finlandisation. The scrutinises ubiquitous influence societ...

The aim of the research is to identify importance policies diversify sources national income in Iraqi economy and develop productive base economic sector without relying on oil sector, as well determine role agricultural production its contribution process diversifying income. heavily dependent revenues, making it vulnerable volatility surrounding this fluctuating revenues from it, so necessary...

The Iranian economy in recent years is due to the development of economic sanctions, a sharp decline in the price of oil and the deficit resulting from revenue - dependent on oil revenues and the trend towards tax revenues. While comparing the volume of the Iranian economy with the amount of tax income indicates the existence of a relatively significant tax gap. The tax gap is the difference be...

For public transit operators in the U.S., neither fare increases nor fare reductions have been successful in boosting revenues. A different kind of strategy is needed, one that can produce more revenue for transit operators than it costs. This article argues that deep discount group pass (DDGP) programs can accomplish this goal. DDGP programs provide groups of people with unlimited-ride transit...

 Taxation is one of the significant phenomena in any economy as it not only generates revenues for existing government, but also serves as a fiscal tool and stabilization policy. One of the main types of taxation is the petroleum tax which accounts for more than 30% of revenue for developed countries and more than 85% for developing economies. This work focuses on petroleum producing giants in ...

The current empirical literature ignores the possible influence of oil prices on environmental degradation through fiscal policy instruments. Contributing to literature, this study explores price in Turkey instruments, using a novel methodology bootstrap ARDL approach. FMOLS, CCR, DOLS, and models are used examine long-run linkage among tested variables. findings from estimating demonstrated th...