An auction of carbon permits is the best way to achieve carbon caps set by international negotiation to limit global climate change. To minimize administrative costs, permits would be required at the level of oil refineries, natural gas pipe lines, liquid sellers, and coal processing plants. To maximize liquidity in secondary markets, permits would be fully tradable and bankable. The government...

45 Oil spills from offshore drilling and coastal refineries often cause degradation of coastal wetlands that can 46 take a long time to recover. Early oil detection may prevent losses and speed up recovery if monitoring of 47 the initial oil extent, oil impact, and recovery are in place. Satellite imagery data can provide a cost48 effective alternative to expensive airborne imagery or labor int...

In quasistatic motions the robot contacts objects in the environment at several points, and moves by pushing itself against these objects. This motion type leads to the design of a spider-like mechanism consisting of four limbs, each with four links (total of 16 links). The robot operates by embracing itself against objects in the environment and changing its internal configuration to move the ...

Venice Lagoon has a complex relationship with the many economic activities it hosts: tourism, oil refineries, a logistics hub, agriculture, households, and fisheries heavily affect the condition of the lagoon. At the same time, they all strongly rely on the environmental services it provides. Against a situation where each economic sector is simultaneously cause and victim of such “disturbances...

Heavy and extra heavy crude oils are forming tremendous part of world crudes (about 40%). There are some problems limiting accessibility as a galore hydrocarbon source. One of limiting process is transportation which consumes very huge amount of energy due to their high viscosity. So, if there were a simple, stable, practicable in each situation and environmental friendly solution, these hydroc...

The demand for biofuels has begun to shift from first-generation second-generation biofuels. One of the already planned in government’s roadmap is renewable diesel hydrotreatment palm oil. By 2040, share projected reach 1.4 million kL per year, contributing 9% biofuel blend program. As world’s largest oil producer and consumer, Indonesia opportunity achieve a circular economy value chain by uti...

A flare is a combustion device that uses air or steam to burn associated, unwanted or excess gases and liquids released during production or by pressure relief valves during unplanned over-pressuring of plant equipment in many industrial operations, such as oil-gas extraction, refineries, chemical plants, coal industry and landfills. Several environmental problems caused by gas flaring such as ...

Nowadays dynamic simulation has become a key tool in the study of the behaviour of almost every process. The benefits that proper modelling can bring to any industry have a very high value, especially one that cannot be directly measured, which is the increase of knowledge about the process. The simulation allows the study of transient states of complex processes without the need of leading the...