neurons in the paramedian pontine reticular formation responsible for ipsilateral horizontal saccade and (2) gaze centers playing a role in ipsilateral horizontal smooth pursuit. Both gaze centers project to the ipsilateral abducens nucleus which controls both abducens motor neurons (responsible for ipsilateral eye abduction) and internuclear neurons projecting via the medial lateral fasciculus...

Unilateral oculomotor nerve palsy has been recognized as a localizing sign due to aneurysms along the internal carotid artery, particularly at the internal carotid-posterior communicating artery (ICA-PcomA) junction and is considered to be a variable symptom caused by direct pressure on the nerve. Therefore bilateral pupillary dilation in ruptured cerebral aneurysm cases can be misleading in in...

Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCF) are abnormal communications between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. Traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulae are rare potential complications of craniofacial trauma. Typical findings of CCF are proptosis, chemosis, headache, oculomotor or abducens nerve palsy, trigeminal pain and pulsating bruit over the temporal skull and the bulb. CCF are repo...