The ‘literate’ programming model is extended to include a concept of mechanical transformation. A prototype tool, FLP (Formal Literate Programming tool), has been developed which uses this extended ‘literate’ programming model in both a formal program proof setting, and within a formal (refinement) program development setting. In both settings, FLP provides history, access to tools, and an easy...

We look at Donald Knuth's concept of \Literate Programming," investigating exactly what it is and how it is used to assist conventional programmers. We then ask what lessons we can learn from this idea and if it is possible to apply them to Forth. We look at the alterations needed to the system and/or Forth to allow us to take advantage of this system. Indeed do we obtain all of the advantages ...

The past ten years have witnessed substantial improvements in programming methodology. This advance, carried out under the banner of “structured programming,” has led to programs that are more reliable and easier to comprehend; yet the results are not entirely satisfactory. My purpose in the present paper is to propose another motto that may be appropriate for the next decade, as we attempt to ...

To achieve sharing and reuse for sustainable development, documents are semantically interrelated by ontologies, specified formally using the specification language Casl. The specification of properties for relations in the system’s ontology is used to check invariant properties during change management. Documents are structured for fine-grained management of variants for essentially the “same”...

    Background: One of the main goals of health systems is to protect people against financial risks associated with diseases that can be catastrophic for patients. In 2014, Health Sector Evolution Plan (HSEP) was implemented in Iran; one of the objectives of HSEP was to reduce out-of-pocket payments and provide more financial protection for people. Therefore, the present study a...

The purpose of this paper is to report the possible reasons for premature abandonment by lowliterate users during online searches. Previous evidence suggests that low-literate web users abandon their online searches early believing that the information they were looking for should be in the section they were at, thinking that they have either found it or that the information was unavailable. Th...

BACKGROUND Nepal has seen substantial improvements in its reproductive health outcomes, but infant and child mortality are still high. This study attempts to examine the prevalence and factors influencing the experience of child death of mothers who have given birth during a five-year period. More specifically, this paper aims to investigate whether household headship has an impact on child dea...