Background Macrophages are cells of the innate immune system that populate every organ. They are required not only for defense against invading pathogens and tissue repair but also for maintenance of tissue homeostasis and iron homeostasis. Aim The aim of this study is to understand whether heme oxygenase (HO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) contribute to the regulation of nicotinamide adenin...

NO and NO2, collectively denoted NOx, are generated in the Earth’s atmosphere mainly from the photochemistry of biogenic nitrogen-containing gases whereas on Mars they form through the oxidation of products derived from ionospheric dissociation of N2. NOx disappears from both atmospheres when acids form from further oxidation and deposit to the surface. We show that peroxynitric acid (PNA), HO2...

The main objective of this research is to study the effects of JP-4-biodiesel-diesel fuel blends and operating parameters on the emission characteristics of a CI engine. The experimental tests were performed on a four-cylinder DI diesel engine. The Mixture-RSM method was used to develop mathematical models based on experimental data. The results showed that with the increase of the biodiesel pr...

A noble low NOx combustion technology, based on partial oxidation combustion concept in a fuel rich combustion zone, is successfully applied in this research. The burner is designed such that a portion of fuel is heated and pre-vaporized in the furnace then injected into a fuel rich combustion zone so that a partial oxidation reaction occurs. The effects of equivalence ratio, thermal load, and ...

The Clean Coal Technology (CCT) Demonstration Program is a government and industry co-funded effort to demonstrate a new generation of innovative coal utilization processes in a series of " showcase " facilities built across the country. These projects are carried out on a scale sufficiently large to demonstrate commercial worthiness and to generate data for design, construction, operation, and...

We use results of a 3-D photochemistry/transport model for ozone formation in Mexico City during events in 1997 to investigate ambient concentrations of reactive nitrogen in relation to ozone-precursor sensitivity. Previous results from other locations suggest that ratios such as O3/NOy and H2O2/HNO3 might provide measurement-based indicators for NOx-sensitive or VOC-sensitive conditions. Mexic...

The formation of thermal NO and fuel type NO emission under the air staged combustion in a tower pulverized coal fired boiler that burners are arranged in the front and the rear wall are investigated in this paper. Effects of the distribution of oxygen in the main combustion zone on NOx are then analyze qualitatively. The results show that when the SOFA ratio is 34.98%, NOx yield is at the mini...

Abstract. Here we present measurement results of temporal distributions nitrous acid (HONO) along with several chemical and meteorological parameters during the spring late summer 2019 at Tudor Hill Marine Atmospheric Observatory in Bermuda. Large variations HONO concentration were controlled by factors including local pollutant emissions, air mass interaction island, long-range atmospheric tra...

Major pollutants emission from Direct-Injection (D.I) diesel engines are predicted by means of a mathematical model. In order to construct such a model, an integral Multi-Zone Combustion Model (MZCM) is formulated, which basically consists of jet mixing and combustion submodels. In MZCM, variation of injection pressure is considered. Also time period of ignition delay is predicted by considerin...

Towards the end of the 1940s the air’s contamination began in Mexico. It just happened when Mexico starts its industrial growing. During these years the population increased notably. Industrial growing in the 1950s was carried through an urbanization process (Restrepo, 1992). Mexico City was the first because it had industries, services, government offices, culture attractions and higher educat...