Progress in today 's semiconductor industry has been mainly achieved by decreasing the minimal feature size and increasing the complexity and thus the nonplanarity of the devices. Therefore lithography tools have to provide high resolution with a reasonable large depth of focus. A well-established method to achieve both requirements are off-axis illumination techniques. As topography effects su...

As semiconductor manufacturing moves towards smaller logic devices and thinner gate oxides, there is serious concern that pattern-dependent charging during plasma etching will impede progress by distorting etch profiles and by causing oxide breakdown. Simulations of the final overetch predict that the use of ultrathin oxides (<5 nm), combined with a low substrate potential, will actually elimin...

During the past five years, cogging torque in HDD spindle motors has decreased drastically as designers and manufacturers have developed a better understanding of the cogging phenomenon. This paper examines various methodologies of cogging torque reduction. Timing techniques such as dead zones and tooth notching, smoothing techniques such as sinusoidal magnetization, and geometric techniques su...

In this study we evaluated the validity of well-known human electrocardiographic markers of myocardial pathology in Dorper sheep. These markers include: the duration of the QRS complex of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs), the presence of notching of the QRS complex of PVCs and change of the ST-segment of PVCs. It was shown that these three electrocardiographic phenomena correlate with myo...

that the left side was the seat of a tumefaction, the contours of which were those of an enlarged spleen. Smooth and firm, emerging from the left hypochondrium, and filling the flank, , its mesial border lay in a line from the anterior superior iliac spine to the epigastrium, and presented an edge with a double indentation resembling splenic notching, and splenic dulness was co-extensive with i...

presented by Paul Grammont in 1987 1 were seen with skepticism, expecially by north american orthopedic surgeons, who continued to prefer shoulder hemiarthroplasty (HA) in cases of eccentric osteoarthritis. Nevertheless, in the last decade, the indications for reverse replacement have widely expanded and finally accepted from most of the orthopedic surgeons. Compared to the early Grammont prost...