The difference between soil and air temperatures (?T) in a specified time is dependent on meteorological conditions, properties of land covers. Understanding ?T critical assessing land–atmosphere thermal interactions changing environment. However, systematic knowledge interannual variations responses to the environmental changes (e.g., snow cover moisture) at decadal scales remain limited. Here...

Engelswies is an early Miocene vertebrate locality in southern Germany with a rich assemblage of terrestrial mammals, invertebrates and fossil plants. It is dated to 16.5-17.0 Ma based on magnetostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy, and includes among the faunal remains a hominoid upper molar fragment, the oldest hominoid so far identified from Europe. The evidence from Engelswie...

Although there is a general consensus on African origin of early modern humans, there is disagreement about how and when they dispersed to Eurasia. This paper reviews genetic and Middle Stone Age/Middle Paleolithic archaeological literature from northeast Africa, Arabia, and the Levant to assess the timing and geographic backgrounds of Upper Pleistocene human colonization of Eurasia. At the cen...