The methods of non-tariff regulation foreign economic activity, the effectiveness their implementation in practice, experience countries practice its advantages and disadvantages are studied. Suggestions made to develop activity.

Abstract Legitimate reasons for the imposition of non-tariff measures (NTMs) within regulations have triggered their extensive use. Among these measures, technical barriers to trade (TBTs) and sanitary phytosanitary (SPS) allow countries impose restrictions on import low-quality products suspected harming domestic consumers’ health, plant life, or environment. This paper analyses two regulative...

Welfare effect of tariff for a small country in the case of traditional tariff (exogenous) compared to free trade would decrease the welfare of the country. This paper has shown that the welfare effect of tariff in case of untraditional tariff (endogenous) can be explained by using the specific factors models (Jones) that fundamentally determined by Cournut- Nash Equilibrium system in contrary ...

This paper examines how a tariff affects firms’ efforts to produce safer foods that are supplied to consumers whose preference for safety of foods are different. I analyze the optimal trade policy for importing country that can impose a tariff or a subsidy on the foods. I show that the raise in tariff rate makes importing country’s firm chooses less effort to produce safer foods but foreign fir...

This paper presents a new model, MUSCLE (Multidirectional Scanning for Line Extraction), for automatic vectorization of raster images with straight lines. The algorithm of the model implements the line thinning and the simple neighborhood methods to perform vectorization. The model allows users to define specified criteria which are crucial for acquiring the vectorization process. In this model...

Distributed electricity producers, such as small wind farms and solar installations, pose several technical and economic challenges in Smart Grid design. One approach to addressing these challenges is through Broker Agentswho buy electricity from distributed producers, and also sell electricity to consumers, via a Tariff Market–a new market mechanism where Broker Agents publish concurrent bid a...

This paper explores the impact on the Southern Mediterranean Countries (SMC) of the current process of trade liberalisation with the European Union. The methodology is that of computable general equilibrium modelling under imperfect competition and the model includes 10 countries and 11 sectors. This allows for both a cross-country and cross-sectoral analysis of the results. The experiments con...

As the trend in electricity markets is strongly towards deregulation, new players, new rules and new behaviors will continue to emerge. Sellers will range from the traditional utility to the opportunistic broker, and endbuyers will have more possibilities to shop to get the best deal for their different energy needs. If a coalition of buyers can be worth, then it will be constituted. One of the...

Previous theoretical contributions on endogenous tariff formation have focused on trade models with homogeneous goods and constant returns to scale. This paper investigates the political equilibrium of trade policy when economic structure is instead characterized by differentiated products and increasing returns to scale and there exists intra-industry trade. The result shows that endogenous ta...

In rate making process the statistical information on claim experience are combined with observable variables describing the risks, in order to build a tariff. The observable variables considered in the tariff structure are called tariff variables and the premium for a new risk is estimated from the observed values of these variables. In this process, many statistical methods and mathematical a...