Stress is a condition of the body which change the equilibrium between the body and its environment. Stress is either short term or long term. short term stress may lasts for few hours but long term lasts for few months. long term stress causes many health problems like respiratory infections, lack of sleep, poor diet etc. Many hormones involve in the stress response like cortisol, epinephrine,...

With the increased use of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) comes an increase in number patients being treated for immune-related adverse events (irAEs). At NCCN 2023 Annual Conference, presenters discussed 3 different types irAEs, namely immune-mediated pneumonitis, major cardiac including myocarditis and myositis/myasthenia gravis overlap syndrome, oral toxicities mucositis sicca syndrome. T...

Health care-associated bacterial pneumonias due to multiple-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens are an important public health problem and are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition to antimicrobial resistance, these organisms have adapted to the milieu of the human airway and have acquired resistance to the innate immune clearance mechanisms that normally prevent pneumonia. ...

one of the most common outcomes of pulp inflammation is periapical granuloma formation. existence of immune cells in these lesions showed involvement of both humoral and cellular immunity in the site. the presence of different antigens in the root canal causes production o various antibodies and consequent immunological reactions. different theories have been proposed on periapical cysts. the m...

purpose: to determine the visual and anatomical outcomes and complications of vitrectomy for non-traumatic non-diabetic vitreous hemorrhage (ndvh) and to report the causes of the condition among patients at labbafinejad medical center, tehran-iran, from 1993 to 2003. method: records of patients who underwent vitrectomy for non-traumatic ndvh with 6 months follow up were reviewed for demographic...

BACKGROUND Autoimmune liver disease (AILD) encompasses 3 main distinct clinical diseases: autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis (formally known as cirrhosis, PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). These conditions are an important, yet under-appreciated cause of patient morbidity and mortality with ongoing unmet needs for further research and clinical advances. KEY MESSAGE...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epigenetics is defined as mitotically heritable changes in gene expression that do not directly alter the DNA sequence. By implication, such epigenetic changes are non-genetically determined, although they can be affected by inherited genetic variation. Extensive evidence indicates that autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes are determined by the interaction of genetic ...