BACKGROUND Although various techniques of nipple reduction have been described in the literature, many are difficult to design or have unreliable outcomes. For men, as well as women who do not plan to breastfeed, it is not necessary to apply a complicated technique that protects the lactiferous ducts. OBJECTIVES The authors introduce a simple technique for nipple reduction that has achieved c...

OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with nipple trauma in women breastfeeding exclusively in a maternity unit. METHODS This was a case-control study that recruited 146 recently-delivered mothers in rooming-in wards: 73 cases, defined as women with nipple trauma, and 73 controls, defined as women free from this pathology. Women breastfeeding exclusively were tested daily for a diagnosis o...

The unfertilized mouse egg has a round and highly villated main body and a "nipple" that is unvillated and buds off on fertilization to form the second polar body. Fluorescent markers stain the body more intensely than the nipple, which has been assumed to result from surface amplification due to microvilli. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and microfluorescence photometry, we h...

Optimizing cosmesis is a common goal of breast surgery. In support of immediate breast reconstruction, nipple-sparing techniques have evolved. There is still a lack of agreement on the optimal technique and skin flap necrosis can be problematic. In this study, we review our experience with 340 NSM. Between March 2006 and February 2011, 340 NSMs were performed. Mammography, ultrasonography and m...

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) regulates a wide variety of developmental processes. Keratin 14 (K14) promoter-mediated overexpression of PTHrP in the epidermis during development converts the entire murine ventral skin to hairless nipple-like skin. In this report, we characterize the morphology and processes that influence the development of nipple connective tissue. The connective...

BACKGROUND Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) has gained popularity for breast cancer treatment and prevention. There are limited data about long-term oncologic safety of this procedure. STUDY DESIGN We reviewed oncologic outcomes of consecutive therapeutic NSM at a single institution. Nipple-sparing mastectomy was offered to patients with no radiologic or clinical evidence of nipple involvement...

Nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola (NHNA) is a rare clinicopathological entity showing persistent and strictly localized hyperkeratotic lesions of the nipple, areola or both with unknown etiopathogenesis. A similar clinical appearance may also be seen in different diseases with specific histopathological features. There are a few anecdotal reports on the association of NHNA with myc...

PURPOSE Nipple secretions are protein-rich and a potential source of breast cancer biomarkers for breast cancer screening. Previous studies of specific proteins have shown limited correlation with clinicopathological features. Our aim, in this pilot study, was to investigate the intra- and interpatient protein composition of nipple secretions and the implications for their use as liquid biopsie...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic values of three breast tumor markers (i.e., CEA, CA153 and CA125) in milk and nipple discharge in the prediction of different breast diseases diagnoses. METHODS Three hundred thirty-six patients (96 breast cancer and 240 benign disease patients) with nipple discharge and a control group of 56 healthy parturient participants were en...

Nipple-areola reconstruction is often one of the final but most challenging aspects of breast reconstruction. However, it is an integral and important component of breast reconstruction because it transforms the mound into a breast. We performed 133 nipple-areola reconstructions during a period of 4 years. Of these reconstructions, 76 of 133 nipple-areola complexes were reconstructed using the ...