The three distal transcriptional regulatory elements of the rat pyruvate kinase M gene, referred to as boxes A, B, and C, are located around -270 base pairs upstream from the transcriptional initiation site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with specific competitors and antibodies show that both box A and box B bind to Sp1 and Sp3 and that box C binds nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y). Luciferase re...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been demonstrated to act as second messengers in a number of signal transduction pathways, including NF B. However, the mechanism(s) by which ROS regulate NF B remain unclear and controversial. In the present report, we describe a mechanism whereby interleukin-1 (IL-1 ) stimulation of NF B is partially regulated by H2O2-mediated activation of NIK and subsequen...

The transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-kappa B), can be induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines and is important in immunological and inflammatory processes because it directs transcription of chemoattractants, cytokines (including the NF-kappa B-inducing cytokines themselves), cytokine receptors and cell adhesion molecules. We and others have recently found that NF-kappa B and the ...

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is known to induce the activation of a nuclear transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), in a wide variety of cell types. The post-receptor binding events that culminate in TNF-dependent NF-kappa B activation are not understood. To dissect this pathway, we developed a reconstitution system consisting of membrane, cytosolic, and post-nuclear fractions...

Multiple transcription factors regulate B-cell commitment, which is coordinated with myeloid-erythroid lineage differentiation. NF-κB has long been speculated to regulate early B-cell development; however, this issue remains controversial. IκB kinase-α (IKKα) is required for splenic B-cell maturation but not for BM B-cell development. In the present study, we unexpectedly found defective BM B-c...

We enumerate all totally real number fields F with root discriminant δF ≤ 14. There are 1229 such fields, each with degree [F : Q] ≤ 9. In this article, we consider the following problem. Problem 1. Given B ∈ R>0, enumerate the set NF (B) of totally real number fields F with root discriminant δF ≤ B, up to isomorphism. To solve Problem 1, for each n ∈ Z>0 we enumerate the set NF (n,B) = {F ∈ NF...

Although canonical NF-κB signaling is crucial to generate a normal mature B-cell compartment, its role in the persistence of resting mature B cells is controversial. To resolve this conflict, we ablated NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) and IκB kinase 2 (IKK2), two essential mediators of the canonical pathway, either early on in B-cell development or specifically in mature B cells. Early ablatio...

The importance of IκB kinase (IKK)-induced proteolysis of NF-κB1 p105 in B cells was investigated using Nfkb1(SSAA/SSAA) mice, in which this NF-κB signaling pathway is blocked. Nfkb1(SSAA) mutation had no effect on the development and homeostasis of follicular mature (FM) B cells. However, analysis of mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that Nfkb1(SSAA/SSAA) FM B cells were completely unable to...

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is characterized by a resistance toward apoptosis-inducing agents. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)/Rel has been shown to regulate the expression of antiapoptotic genes, such as members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) gene families. Expression and regulation of NF-kappaB/Rel-depe...