Abstract The link between alarmins and atrial fibrillation is clear well known in the literature. We performed a non-systematic review about role of pathophysiological mechanism AF, hypothesizing their potential novel therapeutic targets for arrhythmia. Several studies have shown key HMGB1 AF physiopathology. seen an almost direct correlation oxidative stress inflammatory process AF. Wu et al. ...

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies refer to a group of infectious neurodegenerative diseases with an entirely novel mechanism of transmission and pathophysiology including synaptic damage, dendritic atrophy, vacuolization, and microglial activation. Extensive neuronal loss is the main cause of chronic brain deterioration and fatal outcome of prion diseases. As the final outcome of pathol...

Neuronal apoptosis is a key aspect of many different neurologic diseases, but the mechanisms remain unresolved. Recent studies have suggested a mechanism of innate immune-induced neuronal apoptosis through the stimulation of endosomal TLRs in neurons. TLRs are stimulated both by pathogen-associated molecular patterns as well as by damage-associated molecular patterns, including microRNAs releas...

Neuronal damage shortly after onset or after brief episodes of cerebral ischemia has remained difficult to assess with clinical and preclinical imaging techniques as well as with microscopical methods. We here show, in rodent models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), that neuronal damage in acute focal cerebral ischemia can be mapped with single-cell resolution using thallium autometal...

Although exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) can produce significant neurotoxicity, the mechanisms mediating this toxicity remain to be determined. Previous studies using neurons isolated from the central nervous system show that IR produces reactive oxygen species and oxidative DNA damage in those cells. Because the base excision DNA repair pathway repairs single-base modifications caused by R...

To assess the neuroprotective potential of melatonin in apoptotic neuronal cell death, we investigated the efficacy of melatonin in serum-free primary neuronal cultures of rat cortex by using three different models of caspase-dependent apoptotic, excitotoxin-independent neurodegeneration and compared it to that in necrotic neuronal damage. Neuronal apoptosis was induced by either staurosporine ...

introduction: anethole is the main constituent of pimpinella anisum l. (anise), a herbaceous annual plant which has several therapeutic effects. in the folk medicine, anise is employed as an antiepileptic drug. specifically, this study was focused on the cellular effect of anethole, an aromatic compound in essential oils from anise and camphor. anethole has various physiological effects on the ...

Among all the brain, the hippocampus is the most susceptible region to ischemic lesion, with the highest vulnerability of CA1 pyramidal neurons to ischemic damage. This damage may cause either prompt neuronal death (within hours) or with a delayed appearance (over days), providing a window for applying potential therapies to reduce or prevent ischemic impairments. However, the time course when ...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are neurodegenerative diseases with characteristic inflammatory demyelination in the central nervous system, including the optic nerve. Neuronal and axonal damage is considered to be the main cause of long-term disability in patients with MS. Neuronal loss, including retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosi...

Oxygen deprivation during ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke results in ATP depletion, loss of ion homeostasis, membrane depolarization, and excitotoxicity. Pharmacologic restoration of cellular energy supply may offer a promising concept to reduce hypoxic cell injury. In this study, we investigated whether carbimazole, a thionamide used to treat hyperthyroidism, reduces neuronal cell damage in oxy...