The outgoing radiation at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) determines the net radiative heating of the earth's surface and atmosphere system. Variabilities of the TOA outgoing radiation depend on features of the earth's surface and atmosphere. The fundamental goal of the present study is to quantify the sensitivity of the outgoing radiation to those features in a sophisticated radiation model us...

Effective radiation shielding is imperative to safe operation of modern Medical Cyclotrons producing large activities of short-lived radioisotopes on a commercial basis. Like the containment shielding of Medical Linear Accelerators (1), the optimal shielding design of Medical Cyclotrons demands a careful balance between the radiological, economical and often the sociopolitical factors. One is r...

Global information of cloud ice water path (IWP) is urgently needed for testing of global climate models (GCMs) and other applications. Accurate quantification of the IWP is essential for characterizing the hydrological and radiation budget. For example, the reflection of shortwave radiation by ice clouds reduces the solar energy reaching the earth’s surface. Ice clouds can also trap the longwa...

We present a mobile device for the quantification of the small-scale (a few square meters) spatial variability in the surface energy balance components and several auxiliary variables of short-statured (<1 m) canopies. The key element of the mobile device is a handheld four-component net radiometer for the quantification of net radiation, albedo and infrared surface temperature, which is comple...

Sun damage on apples is attributed to the occurrence of high temperatures, incident radiation, and fruit plant water parameters, all dependent climatic conditions management. The development new production areas climate changes increase interest in studying behavior under different conditions. effect sun three nets two chemical protectants was evaluated a commercial orchard ‘Granny Smith’ neotr...

Carbonaceous aerosols (CA) emitted by fossil and biomass fuels consist of black carbon (BC), a strong absorber of solar radiation, and organic matter (OM). OM scatters as well as absorbs solar radiation. The absorbing component of OM, which is ignored in most climate models, is referred to as brown carbon (BrC). Model estimates of the global CA radiative forcing range from 0 to 0.7 Wm(-2), to b...

Hydrogen production by nitrogen-limited cultures of a thermophilic blue-green alga (cyanobacterium), Mastigocladus laminosus, was studied to develop the concept of a high-temperature biophotolysis system. Biophotolytic production of hydrogen by solar radiation was also demonstrated. Hydrogen consumption activity in these cultures was relatively high and is the present limiting factor on both th...

[1] We have used satellite-based broadband radiation observations to construct a longterm continuous 1985–2005 record of the radiative budget components at the top of the atmosphere for the tropical region (20 S–20 N). On the basis of the constructed record we have derived the most conservative estimate of their trends. We compared the interannual variability of the net radiative fluxes at the ...

A set of Essential Climate Variables (ECV) have been defined to be monitored by current and new remote sensing missions. The ECV retrieved at global scale need to be validated in order to provide reliable products to be used in remote sensing applications. For this, test sites are required to use in calibration and validation of the remote sensing approaches in order to improve the ECV retrieva...