UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are structures that secrete nectar and protect plants against herbivores and pathogens. In Gentianaceae, these structures have been described in species of Calolisianthus, Fagraea, and Anthocleista and are important morphological markers for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. To establish a foundation for further studies, we inves...

Aim. Throughout evolutionary history, plants and animals have evolved alongside one another. This is especially apparent when considering mutualistic relationships such as between plants with extra-floral nectaries (EFNs, glands on leaves or stems that secrete nectar) and the ants that visit them. Ants are attracted by the nectar and then protect the plant against destructive herbivores. The di...

Abstract Onion ( Allium cepa L.) is a highly cross pollinated crop that needs insect pollination (entomophily) for optimum seed set. In the present study, more than 120 species were noted to visit onion flowers, out of which fifty-nine collected through in-situ sampling technique and identified up level. The Indian bee Apis cerana indica ) was most abundant pollinator visiting flowers in study ...

The eVects of plant defenses on herbivory can diVer among spatial scales. This may be particularly common with indirect defenses, such as extraXoral nectaries (EFNs), that attract predatory arthropods and are dependent on predator distribution, abundance, and behavior. We tested the defensive eVects of EFNs in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) against damage by a specialist herbivore, ...