Abstract Three deciduous tooth crowns were found in Unit 18B El Castillo Cave (Spain), considered a transitional Middle-Upper Paleolithic with numerous 14 C dates means earlier than > 42–44 ka cal. BP. Our goal was to describe these teeth, compare them Neanderthal, Mousterian Modern Humans, and Early-Mid Upper fossils (through scatterplots Z -scores), analyze their morphology. The teeth cons...

This study examines the morphology of the hyoid in three closely related species, Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, and Gorilla gorilla. Differences and similarities between the hyoids of these species are characterized and used to interpret the morphology and affi nities of the Dikika A. afarensis, Kebara 2 Neanderthal, and other fossil hominin hyoid bones. Humans and African apes are found to ha...