Maxillary hypoplasia that necessitates surgical advancement affects approximately 25% of patients born with cleft lip and palate. Syndromic conditions such as Crouzon may also be accompanied by significant maxillary hypoplasia. Severe maxillary hypoplasia can result in airway obstruction, malocclusion, proptosis, and facial disfigurement. For optimal stability, severe hypoplasia is best address...

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for many years, it was thought that nasal polyps are small tumors of the nasal or sinus mucosa. however, it is now believed that nasal polyps are formed as a result of frequent local swelling of nasal or sinus mucosa, which enlarge by increasing sub-mucosal edema and then expose to the air pipe and cause some symptoms. however, the main cause of polyp formation is not exactly understood. the pr...

We present a child with the rare association of ct ngenital muscular dystrophy, hypoplasia of the lateral abdo ninal wall musculature and hypoplasia of the external genitc lia.

Context: Cartilage-hair hypoplasia is a rare hereditary cause of short stature. The aim of this study was to familiarize physicians with this rare but important disease. Evidence Acquisition: This article is a narrative review of the scientific literature to inform about clinical features and management of Cartilage-hair hypoplasia. A systematic search identified 127 papers include original and...

a 7 year old boy with desanctis-cacchione syndrome - xeroderma pigmentosum, microcephaly, mental deficiency, dwarfism and gonadal hypoplasia - will be presented.

a 5-day-old female holstein calf was necropsied because of lethargy, recumbency and anorexia. at necropsy, multiple gross defects were evident in several organs, including unclosed sutures of skull bones, asymmetrical orbits, doming of the skull bones, hydrocephalus, hydranencephaly, cleft palate, brachygnathia, ventricular septal defect, mitral valve dysplasia and rudimentary lungs. on microsc...

purpose : to report a new familial presentation of hypoplasia and absence of superior rectus in the form of unilateral monocular elevation deficiency case report : a 7-year-old boy was referred to our center (poostchi eye clinic) with a chief complaint of ocular misalignment in his right eye since birth. one of his siblings was a known case of unilateral monocular elevation deficiency and was o...