Myocardial infarction is a serious health problem affecting populations worldwide. Proper and prompt diagnosis management critical to achieving good prognosis avoiding or reducing morbidity mortality. It essential for clinicians be aware of the risks, treatment. In this review we aim update discuss knowledge myocardial with respect risk factors, pathophysiology, types classification, clinical m...

Abstract Background According to 4th Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (MI), it is possible differentiate clinically type 2 MI (T2MI) from 1 (T1MI) and acute myocardial injury (AMI). However, in many cases this differentiation may be difficult. To date there are poor data that allow distinguish AMI, T2MI T1MI the changes absolute or relative values biomarkers necrosis. We sought com...

BACKGROUND Until recently, biomarker testing in heart failure (HF) syndromes has been viewed as an elective supplement to diagnostic evaluation of patients suspected to suffer from this condition. This approach to the use of biomarker testing contrasts with other cardiovascular diagnoses such as acute myocardial infarction, for which biomarkers are integral to disease process definition, risk s...

BACKGROUND Given the mounting evidence in favor of early pharmacologic and catheter-based interventions for patients across the spectrum of acute coronary syndromes, discovering novel diagnostically sensitive and specific biomarkers that provide biochemical proof of early or reversible myocardial injury could have a substantial positive impact on patient care. CONTENT To address unmet needs i...

Introduction. Cardiovascular (CV) diseases are a major cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Novel biomarkers [B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP); osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) ratio; and dickkopf-1 (DKK-1)] have been used in CV risk assessment. We analysed, in established RA patients, the presence of silent myocardial ischemia a...

T he path to the high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays has taken more than 2 decades. Historically, after early studies showing superior diagnostic and prognostic performance compared with creatine kinase isoenzymes, conventional cTnI and T were adopted as gold standard biomarkers to evaluate patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Subsequently, work by the Third Glob...

BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained arrhythmia and an important contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Several strategies have been proposed for prediction of outcomes and individualization of treatments to better balance the benefits of stroke prevention and risks of bleeding during anticoagulation. CONTENT The availability of analytically more specifi...

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the most important cardiovascular diseases in developed countries, where it represents the major cause of death and disability. The diagnosis of ‘‘classic’’ AMI is based on the triad of typical symptoms and changes in the electrocardiogram and in biomarkers. Biomarkers are proteins that are released into the circulation by the damaged myocardial cells...

BACKGROUND Biomarkers play a pivotal role in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cardiovascular disease. Active investigation has brought forward an increasingly large number of novel candidate markers; however, few of these markers have yet to be incorporated into routine clinical use. CONTENT This review discusses biomarkers currently used in the setting of acute coronary syndromes...