School-aged children erroneously think that 1.45 is larger 1.5 because 45 is larger than 5. Using a negative priming paradigm, we investigated whether the ability to compare the magnitude of decimal numbers in the context in which the smallest number has the greatest number of digits after the decimal point (1.45 vs. 1.5) is rooted in part on the ability to inhibit the "greater the number of di...

In this paper, a new method of reconstructing broken handwritten digits is developed. The conditional dilation algorithm is used to bridge small gaps. Spurious segments introduced during extraction of digit "elds are detected and deleted based on the morphological structural analyses of digit "elds. A set of structural points of digits are detected along the outer contours of digits. The presel...

Rabinowitz and Wagon call their algorithm a spigot algorithm, because it yields digits incrementally and does not reuse digits after they have been computed. The digits drip out one by one, as if from a leaky tap. In contrast, most algorithms for computing the digits of π execute inscrutably, delivering no output until the whole computation is completed. However, the Rabinowitz–Wagon algorithm ...

Define a k to be the smallest positive multiple of k such that the sum of its digits in base q is equal to k. The asymptotic behavior, lower and upper bound estimates of a k are investigated. A characterization of the minimality condition is also considered. A positive integer n is a Niven number (or a Harshad number) if it is divisible by the sum of its (decimal) digits. For instance, 2007 is ...

The concepts of arithmetic building blocks (ABB) and combinational arithmetic (CA) nets as well as their applications have been previously reported in References 3, 4, and 5. The unique ABB, resulting from the efforts of minimizing the set of building blocks in Reference 3, is designed at the arithmetic level, employing the redundant signed-digit number system,2 and is to be implemented as one ...

Multiple factors are thought to cause limb abnormalities in amphibian populations by altering processes of limb development and regeneration. We examined adult and juvenile axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) in the Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center (AGSC) for limb and digit abnormalities to investigate the probability of normal regeneration after bite injury. We observed that 80% of larval salamanders...

BACKGROUND The regrowth of amputated appendage extremities and the distal tips of digits represent models of tissue regeneration in multiple vertebrate taxa. In humans, digit tip injuries, including traumatic amputation and crush injuries, are among the most common type of injury to the human hand. Despite clinical reports demonstrating natural regeneration of appendages in lower vertebrates an...

There is no obvious morphological counterpart of the autopod (wrist/ankle and digits) in living fishes. Comparative molecular data may provide insight into understanding both the homology of elements and the evolutionary developmental mechanisms behind the fin to limb transition. In mouse limbs the autopod is built by a "late" phase of Hoxd and Hoxa gene expression, orchestrated by a set of enh...

Suppose a binary string x = x1 . . . xn is being broadcast repeatedly over a faulty communication channel. Each time, the channel delivers a fixed number m of the digits (m < n) with the lost digits chosen uniformly at random, and the order of the surviving digits preserved. How large does m have to be to reconstruct the message?

BACKGROUND The three chick wing digits represent a classical example of a pattern specified by a morphogen gradient. Here we have investigated whether a mathematical model of a Shh gradient can describe the specification of the identities of the three chick wing digits and if it can be applied to limbs with more digits. RESULTS We have produced a mathematical model for specification of chick ...