This paper investigates the impact of various economic measures on child labor in an open dual economy. We construct a small open economy model with heterogeneity of households in terms of location of residency and income. A part of households with low income supplies child labor when they reside in the rural area. The measures we will mainly consider are trade policies (e.g. import tariff and ...

Pregnancy is a complex state in woman's life. It associated with anatomical and physiologic changes that greatly affect not only the mother but living fetus inside her womb. This case of 22-year-old woman at 36 5/7 weeks age gestation presented intractable tachycardia. The patient emergency room cardiorespiratory distress conjunction preterm labor.

Background: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem worldwide, and tuberculosis in pregnancy in particular can have effects on both mother and infant. Findings: We report a case of a 22year-old female presenting in preterm labor at 32 weeks gestation. Her pregnancy had been complicated by hearing loss and weight loss, and at the time of delivery, she was diagnosed with tuberculous otitis m...

Longitudinal vaginal septum is a rare Müllerian malformation that may be associated with dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea, primary amenorrhea, and infertility. In this report, the authors present a case of longitudinal vaginal septum in a 15-year-old patient with a full-term pregnancy whose diagnosis was only made during labor following bidigital vaginal and speculum examination. Septoplasty was perfo...

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation,[1] preterm labor is defined as labor starting earlier than 37 completed weeks (less than 259 days) from the first day of the last menstrual period and the term premature should no longer be used. The term premature was previously defined as a birth weight of less than 2500 gm. Therefore, this will include infants of low birth weig...

The principal difference between term and preterm labor is how they are activated. It has been proposed that term labor results from physiological activation of the common terminal pathway, whereas preterm labor is a pathological condition caused by multiple etiologies that activate one or more of the components of this pathway. Increased uterine contractility at preterm labor results from acti...

Normal term and spontaneous preterm births (PTB) are documented to be associated with oxidative stress (OS), and imbalances in the redox system (balance between pro- and antioxidant) have been reported in the maternal-fetal intrauterine compartments. The exact mechanism of labor initiation either at term or preterm by OS is still unclear, and this lack of understanding can partially be blamed f...

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess whether antibiotic therapy plus tocolysis given to women in preterm labor would prolong pregnancy compared with tocolysis alone. METHODS A randomized, double-blind trial of intravenous mezlocillin and oral erythromycin therapy vs. placebo was used in addition to tocolysis among women in preterm labor < or =34 weeks gestation with intact memb...

Background: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of the Human Immuno Virus (HIV) remains an opportunity not to be missed in case future remarkable declines in HIV associated morbidity and mortality are envisaged. Many pregnant women, both in the developed and developing countries today are still received in labor rooms with unknown or redoubtable HIV serostatus. Ethical tensions arising f...