introduction: the influence of ascorbic acid on the nicotine-induced conditioned place preference (cpp) and behavioral sensitization was investigated in the present study. methods: in a pilot study, place conditioning and locomotor activity were investigated after nicotine (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/kg) or ascorbic acid (1, 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg) administration. different doses of ascor...

Introduction: Regulators of G-protein signaling protein negatively control G protein -coupled receptor signaling duration by accelerating Gα subunit guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis . Since regulator of G-protein signaling4 has an important role in modulating morphine effects at the cellular level and the exact mechanism(s) of adrenalectomy-induced morphine sensitization have not been fully cl...

Cytokine release during surgery can produce a long-lasting hyperalgesia. Thus, preoperatively-administered cytokine inhibitors might reduce the production of cytokines, decreasing central nervous system sensitization and improving the quality of postoperative pain relief. We investigated the hypothesis that preincisional IV pentoxifylline (PTX) treatment could attenuate the release of proinflam...

BACKGROUND Remifentanil is useful during general anesthesia because of its rapid onset and short acting time. However, some studies report that due to opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) and tolerance, remifentanil also increases early postoperative pain. The occurrence of OIH and opioid-induced tolerance is mainly thought to be due to central sensitization by the activation of NMDA receptors. Th...

Postoperative pain management is a great challenge because it is a critical part of a patient’s recovery. 2 Bone injury is often accompanied by acute pain that can be clearly diminished by morphine use. 4 However, although opioids are among the most effective analgesics in humans, there is growing evidence showing that they also induce abnormal and prolonged pain states after acute or chronic a...

The previous study indicated that aquaporin 4 (AQP4) deficiency attenuated opioid physical dependence. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In the present study, the effects of AQP4 deficiency on the expression of three factors, protein kinase C (PKC) α, PKCγ and c-Fos in the spinal cord, which are known to be concerned with spinal neuronal sensitization and opiate dependence, wer...

UNLABELLED Sodium channel blockers are approved for IV administration in the treatment of neuropathic pain states. Preclinical studies have suggested antihyperalgesic effects on the peripheral and central nervous system. Our objective in this study was to determine the time course of the analgesic and antihyperalgesic mechanisms of perioperative lidocaine administration. Forty patients undergoi...

Repeated association of drugs of abuse with context leads to long-lasting behavioral responses that reflect reward-controlled learning and participate in the establishment of addiction. Reactivation of consolidated memories is known to produce a reconsolidation process during which memories undergo a labile state. We investigated whether reexposure to drugs had similar effects. Cocaine administ...