stability studies play a critical role in assuring product quality at all points in the vaccine life cycle. these studies used to determine vaccine expiry date and vaccine efficacy. accelerated stability and long term stability study performed for three batches of trivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine (opv) and three batches of monovalent opv (type1) manufactured by razi institute. after samplin...

BACKGROUND Casein-free, gluten-free diets have been reported to mitigate some of the inflammatory gastrointestinal and behavioral traits associated with autism, but the mechanism for this palliative effect has not been elucidated. We recently showed that the opioid peptide beta-casomorphin-7, derived from bovine (bBCM7) milk, decreases cysteine uptake, lowers levels of the antioxidant glutathio...

Repeated administration of morphine is associated with the development of tolerance, yet the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is still poorly understood. Recent evidence implicating glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) in opioid receptor signaling pathways has prompted us to investigate its role in morphine tolerance. Administration of 10 mg/kg morphine i.p. to Wistar rats twice daily for 8 da...

BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent nocturnal hypoxia and sleep disruption. Sleep fragmentation caused hyperalgesia in volunteers, while nocturnal hypoxemia enhanced morphine analgesic potency in children with OSA. This evidence directly relates to surgical OSA patients who are at risk for airway compromise due to postoperative use of opioids. Using accepted e...

BACKGROUND Chronic, intractable pain is a problem of pandemic proportions. Pain caused by nerve injuries (neuropathic pain) is extremely difficult to treat. For centuries, opiates such as morphine have been the first-line treatment for severe chronic pain. However, opiates are often ineffective against neuropathic pain, leaving few options for suffering patients. We previously demonstrated that...

Background: We aimed to inspect the post -operative analgesic requirement in patient undergoing minor oral surgery using buprenorphine versus lignocaine and alone. Minor surgeries are followed by inflammatory reaction characterized pain, mild swelling discomfort. Opioid analgesics have an advantage over non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as they do not cause organ damage. Buprenorph...

conclusions analysis of codeine to morphine metabolism rate is needed when we are using morphine/codeine ratio to rule out abuse of narcotics. wada should consider analysis for the cyp2d6 alleles (main metabolizer of codeine) in case of including morphine/codeine ratio in future prohibited list. the possibility of ultra-rapid cyp2d6 cannot be ruled out in certain results of morphine/codeine nea...

Recombinant and opioid receptors expressed in cell lines can form heterodimers with distinctive properties and trafficking. However, a role for opioid receptor heterodimerization in neurons has yet to be identified. The inhibitory coupling of opioid receptors to voltage-dependent Ca channels (VDCCs) is a relatively inefficient process and therefore provides a sensitive assay of altered opioid r...

Adrenomedullin (AM) belongs to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) family and is a pronociceptive mediator. This study investigated whether AM plays a role in the development of tolerance to morphine-induced analgesia. Repetitive intrathecal injection of morphine increased the expression of AM-like immunoreactivity (AM-IR) in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Gan...