I discuss old and recent aspects of QCD jet-emission and describe how hard QCD results are used to construct Monte Carlo programs for generating hadron emission in hard collisions. I focus on the program HERWIG at LHC.

Introduction: Thyroid cancer is at the ninth from ten of common malignant cancer. A man has higher risk to get Thyroid cancer that a woman has. This organ is lain near human neck. The use of radioactive I-131, I-123 and Tc-99m for diagnosis of thyroid cancer has a risk where other organs around Thyroid will accept dose of radiation. One of the risks is large dose which is accep...

One–period utility based portfolio optimization is a classic method in financial economics [13]. The theory is extremely well developed, and extends in many directions, for example to dynamic portfolio optimization in continuous time [12]. Nonetheless, the solutions to these problems, characterized theoretically, often remain dismayingly difficult to compute in practise. Very often, finance pra...

Error bars for MCMC are harder than for direct Monte Carlo. It is harder to estimate error bars from MCMC data, and it is harder to predict them from theory. The estimation and theory are more important because MCMC estimation errors can be much larger than you might expect based on the run time. The fundamental formula for MCMC error bars is as follows. Suppose Xk is a sequence of MCMC samples...

We present an aid for importance sampling in Monte Carlo integration, which is of the general-purpose type in the sense that it in principle deals with any quadratically integrable integrand on a unit hyper-cube of arbitrary dimension. In contrast to most existing systems of this type, it does not ask for the integrand as an input variable, but provides a number of routines which can be plugged...

In the domain of structural dynamics, small uncertainties on models are known to cause possibly large uncertainties on analysis results. Therefore, techniques have been developed to include the effect of the uncertainties on the model in the calculation of the results of an analysis. The Monte Carlo simulation calculates these uncertainties by performing a stochastic analysis on the results of ...

Monte Carlo simulation is fast becoming the technology of choice for evaluating and analyzing assets, be it pure financial derivatives or investments in real assets. Two of the main virtues of simulation are flexibility and simplicity. There is no constraint on the type of uncertainty that can be modeled and most any type of decision rule can be incorporated. Simulation is also easy to implemen...

introduction lead-based shields are the most widely used attenuators in x-ray and gamma ray fields. the heavy weight, toxicity and corrosion of lead have led researchers towards the development of non-lead shields. materials and methods the purpose of this study was to design multi-layered shields for protection against x-rays and gamma rays in diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine. in this...

introduction: among different kinds of oral cavity cancers, the frequency of tongue cancer occurrence is more significant. brachytherapy is the most common method to cure tongue cancers. long sources are used in different techniques of tongue brachytherapy. the objective of this study is to asses the dose distribution around long sources, comparing different radioisotopes as brachytherapy sourc...

introduction: nowadays new radiochromic films have an essential role in radiotherapy dosimetry. properties such as high sensitivity, good reproducibility, high spatial resolution, easy readout and portability have made them attractive for dosimetry, especially in high-dose-gradient regions. material and methods: in this study, electron-beam dose distributions in homogenous and heterogeneous pha...