The invention of the Kalman filter is a crowning achievement of filtering theory-one that has revolutionized technology in countless ways. By dealing effectively with noise, the Kalman filter has enabled various applications in positioning, navigation, control, and telecommunications. In the emerging field of synthetic biology, noise and context dependency are among the key challenges facing th...

Mechanisms of interaction of a three-dimensional polymer with solutes are of interest in the development and function of synthetic biomimetic polymers. We have investigated the effects of template/monomer interactions and template concentration on conversion and polymerization rates of a molecularly imprinted polymer. Copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) di...

Surfactant molecules are used as interesting tools to study the structure, function and stability of proteins. Protonation states of amino acids may be changed in the presence of surfactants. In this work, using experimental observations and molecular dynamic simulation, the effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the acid dissociation constants of tryptophan was examined. The acid–base equilibriu...

A two-dimensional single particle finite element model was used to examine the effects of particle fragmental pattern on the average molecular weights, polymerization rate and particle overheating in heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta olefin polymerization. A two-site catalyst kinetic mechanism was employed together with a dynamic two-dimensional molecular species in diffusion-reaction equation. The i...

We study the behaviour of large dust grains in turbulent molecular clouds (MCs). In primarily neutral regions, dust grains move as aerodynamic particles, not necessarily with the gas. We therefore directly simulate, for the first time, the behaviour of aerodynamic grains in highly supersonic, magnetohydrodynamic turbulence typical of MCs. We show that, under these conditions, grains with sizes ...

Accurate current measurement is crucial in many biosensing applications, such as the detection of neurotransmitters [1] and the monitoring of intercellular molecular dynamics. This need has become even more critical recently with single-molecule biosensors where sub-pA signal currents are superimposed on a slowly varying nA-to-μA background current, as is the case with nanopores [2]. As such, t...

The physiological tradition of biological research analyzes biological systems using reduced descriptions much as an engineer uses a ‘black box’ description of an amplifier. Simple models have been used by physiologists for a very long time. Physiologists have successfully analyzed a broad range of biological systems using a ‘device-oriented’ approach similar to the approach an engineer would u...

Background: The assessment of molecular similarity is a key step in the drug discovery process that has thus far relied almost exclusively on computational approaches. We now report an experimental method for similarity assessment based on dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Results: In order to assess molecular similarity directly in solution, a dynamic molecular network was used in a twostep pro...