Abstract Conventional soundings are rather limited over the western North Pacific and can be largely compensated by GNSS radio occultation (RO) data. We utilize GSI hybrid assimilation system to assimilate RO data multi-resolution global model (MPAS) investigate impact on prediction of Typhoon Nepartak that passed southern Taiwan in 2016. In this study, performances with local refractivity bend...

The Formosa Satellite-7/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate-2 (Satellite-7/COSMIC-2), which was successfully launched on 25 June 2019, provides dense radio occultation (RO) observations over the tropics subtropics. This study examines RO-observed lowest altitude its possible relationship to refractivity gradients planetary boundary layer (PBL) heights. COSMIC...

Abstract Water vapour is a highly variable constituent of the troposphere; thus, its high-resolution measurements are great importance to weather prediction systems. The Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) operationally used in estimation tropospheric state and assimilation results into models. One GNSS techniques troposphere sensing tomography which provides 3-D fields wet refractivity....

Topical application of ectoparasiticides for flea and tick control is a major focus for product development in animal health. The objective of this work was to develop a quantitative structure permeability relationship (QSPeR) model sensitive to formulation effects for predicting absorption and skin deposition of five topically applied drugs administered in six vehicle combinations to porcine a...

The knowledge of drug concentrations in bilayer headgroups, core, and at the interface between them is a prerequisite for quantitative modeling of drug interactions with many membrane-bound transporters, metabolizing enzymes and receptors, which have the binding sites located in the bilayer. This knowledge also helps understand the rates of trans-bilayer transport because balanced interactions ...

Among other atmospheric regions, ionosphere, which is ionized region of the atmosphere, is considered to impose serious limitations on satellite communication while the effect of other layers, more especially, the troposphere is often treated as negligible. At higher frequencies, radio waves pass through the ionosphere and are attenuated due to the free electrons present in ionosphere. However,...

[1] This paper addresses the problem of estimating the lower atmospheric refractivity (M profile) under nonstandard propagation conditions frequently encountered in lowaltitude maritime radar applications. This is done by statistically estimating the duct strength (rangeand height-dependent atmospheric index of refraction) from the sea surface reflected radar clutter. These environmental statis...

The turbulence refractivity structure constant (Cn) is an important parameter of the atmosphere. VHF radars have been used extensively for the measurements of Cn. Presently, most of such observations are from mid and high latitudes and only very limited observations are available for equatorial and tropical latitudes. Indian MST radar is an excellent tool for making high-resolution measurements...

The phenomenon of ducting is caused by abnormal atmospheric refractivity patterns, and is known to allow electromagnetic (EM) waves to propagate over the horizon with unusually low propagation loss. It is unknown what effect ducting has on multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels, particularly its effect on multipath propagation in MIMO channels. A high accuracy angle-of-arrival (AoA) and...

[1] A new type of radio occultation (RO) data, recorded in open-loop (OL) mode from the SAC-C satellite, has been tested for monitoring refractivity in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL). Previously available RO signals, recorded in phase-locked loop mode were often unusable for sensing the lower troposphere (LT) or resulted in significant inversion errors, especially in the tropics. The OL R...