A novel fuzzy reasoning method, called FSI (fuzzy similarity inference) is investigated in this paper. Firstly, the unified forms of FSI which the diverse implication operators can be employed are proposed. And the computational formulas for both fuzzy modus ponens (FMP) and fuzzy modus tollens (FMT) are obtained. Secondly, the unified forms of α-FSI method are established, and the formulas for...

In this paper, a theory T H based on combining type freeness with logic is introduced and is then used to build a theory of properties which is applied to determiners and quantiiers. It is well known that mixing type freeness and logic leads to contradictions. For example, by taking the following syntax of terms: t := xjx:tjt 1 t 2 j:t and applying the term x::xx to itself one gets a contradict...

In this paper, a theory T H based on combining type freeness with logic is introduced and is then used to build a theory of properties which is applied to determiners and quantiiers. It is well known that mixing type freeness and logic leads to contradictions. For example, by taking the following syntax of terms: t := xjx:tjt 1 t 2 j:t and applying the term x::xx to itself one gets a contradict...

Using Generalized Modus Ponens reasoning, we examine the values of the inferred conclusion by using Fodor's implication in order to interpret a fuzzy if-then rule with a single input single output and the tnorm ( ) ( )( ) ( xy y x max y , x t ) λ λ − − + + = 1 1 , 1 − ≥ λ , for composition operation. This t-norm is important to use because for 1 − = λ and 0 = λ it gives the commonly used t-norm...

This paper presents an exploratory study of jihadi extremist groups’ videos using content analysis and a multimedia coding tool to explore the types of videos, groups’ modus operandi, and production features. The videos convey messages powerful enough to mobilize members, sympathizers, and even new recruits to launch attacks that will once again be captured and disseminated via the Internet. Th...

This deliberately provocative set of interventions arises from a session by the same name at the annual conference of the Association of American Geographers in Seattle on 14 April 2011 and reflects closely each panellist's contribution there. The session drew a large audience and generated such animated discussion in view of the topicality of the subject matter that we felt the issues deserved...

Social protection refers to a set of policy measures to protect individuals, especially the critically poor, from financial losses due to high-risk events, such as natural disasters, social risks like unemployment, war or unexpected financial shocks, and political risks like discrimination of minorities in conflict zones (1–3). In terms of health, social protection includes protection against h...

This study presented participants with conditional statements with content that was group-related, container-related, and a combination of group and container. Participants received modus ponens, modus tollens, denying the antecedent, affirming the consequent, and inconsistent forms of conditional arguments. Results demonstrated a significant advantage of the group over the container wording fo...

This paper addresses two modi of analogical reasoning. The rst modus is based on the explicit representation of the justiication for the analogical inference. The second modus is based on the representation of typical instances by concept structures. The two kinds of analogical inferences rely on diierent forms of relevance knowledge that cause non-monotonicity. While the uncertainty and non-mo...

This study presents evidence for the role of working memory (WM) capacity in the retrieval and inhibition of counterexamples (alternatives and disablers) during everyday conditional reasoning. A total of 292 university students were given a measure of WMcapacity and a reasoning task with everyday, causal conditionals. Results show that the acceptance ratings of the logically valid Modus Ponens ...