This paper addresses two modi of analogical reasoning. The rst modus is based on the explicit representation of the justiication for the analogical inference. The second modus is based on the representation of typical instances by concept structures. The two kinds of analogical inferences rely on diierent forms of relevance knowledge that cause non-monotonicity. While the uncertainty and non-mo...

The database of a rule-based systemmay contain imprecisionswhich appear in the description of the rules given by the expert. Because such an inference can not be made by the methods which use classical two valued logic or many valued logic, Zadeh in (Zadeh, 1975) and Mamdani in (Mamdani, 1977) suggested an inference rule called "compositional rule of inference". Using this inference rule, sever...

We consider a multiple-rule, generalized modus ponens inference scheme, with an interpretation based on compositional rule of inference (CRI) and a residuated implication. We show that such a system is equivalent, as far as CRI is concerned, to a system that satis5es the “basic requirement for fuzzy reasoning”, proposed by Turksen and Tian (Fuzzy Sets and Systems 58 (1993) 3–40). We establish a...

In this paper, a theory T H based on combining type freeness with logic is introduced and is then used to build a theory of properties which is applied to determiners and quantiiers. It is well known that mixing type freeness and logic leads to contradictions. For example, by taking the following syntax of terms: t := xjx:tjt 1 t 2 j:t and applying the term x::xx to itself one gets a contradict...

In this paper, a theory T H based on combining type freeness with logic is introduced and is then used to build a theory of properties which is applied to determiners and quantiiers. It is well known that mixing type freeness and logic leads to contradictions. For example, by taking the following syntax of terms: t := xjx:tjt 1 t 2 j:t and applying the term x::xx to itself one gets a contradict...

Using Generalized Modus Ponens reasoning, we examine the values of the inferred conclusion by using Fodor's implication in order to interpret a fuzzy if-then rule with a single input single output and the tnorm ( ) ( )( ) ( xy y x max y , x t ) λ λ − − + + = 1 1 , 1 − ≥ λ , for composition operation. This t-norm is important to use because for 1 − = λ and 0 = λ it gives the commonly used t-norm...

This paper presents an exploratory study of jihadi extremist groups’ videos using content analysis and a multimedia coding tool to explore the types of videos, groups’ modus operandi, and production features. The videos convey messages powerful enough to mobilize members, sympathizers, and even new recruits to launch attacks that will once again be captured and disseminated via the Internet. Th...

This paper addresses two modi of analogical reasoning. The rst modus is based on the explicit representation of the justiication for the analogical inference. The second modus is based on the representation of typical instances by concept structures. The two kinds of analogical inferences rely on diierent forms of relevance knowledge that cause non-monotonicity. While the uncertainty and non-mo...

Two experiments examine speed-up in argument pairs of various propositional forms. In the first experiment, participants were presented with pairs of conditional arguments. Some of these pairs had a form of a valid Modus Ponens (MP) inference, whereas other pairs had a form of a fallacy of Affirming the Consequent (AC). In both argument pairs, presentation of the prime led to a significant spee...