In the modern society and specially in our country discussion of poverty, wealth and social justice are the most important arguments of public and private circles. The most important graphical tools which are used to describe the quantity of centralization like wealth in a society is Lorenz curve. In these situations, most of econometricians measure the economic inequalities. In the discrete ca...

The Institute of Engineering Surveying and Space Geodesy (IESSG) at the University of Nottingham, UK has developed a number of simulators which have been used on a number of commercial and research projects. They are also playing an ever greater role as teaching tools at undergraduate and masters level. This paper presents some of the key packages developed and used by the IESSG over the last 1...

Large-scale digitization of manuscripts is facilitated by high-accuracy optical character recognition (OCR) engines. The focus of our work is on using these tools to digitize Latin texts. Many of the texts in the language, especially the early modern, make heavy use of special characters like ligatures and accented abbreviations. Current OCRs are inadequate for our purpose: their built-in train...

Just before 1800, the French mathematician/physicist/engineer Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier made an astonishing discovery. As a result of his investigations into the partial differential equations modeling vibration and heat propagation in bodies, Fourier was led to claim that “every” function could be represented by an infinite series of elementary trigonometric functions — sines and cosines. A...