We analyze here a classical energy balance model (EBM) with nonlinear feedbacks and revisit in this context a recent claim that — in a model-independent sense — the climate system may exhibit an asymmetric, large-amplitude response to normally distributed forcing; such a response would imply irreducible uncertainty in climate change predictions. We show that equilibrium climate sensitivity in a...

Climate change has already triggered species distribution shifts in many parts of the world. Increasing impacts are expected for the future, yet few studies have aimed for a general understanding of the regional basis for species vulnerability. We projected late 21st century distributions for 1,350 European plants species under seven climate change scenarios. Application of the International Un...

Because of the urban heat island (UHI) effect a metropolitan area is typically warmer than its surrounding rural area. This has led to a growing concern that the use of standard (mostly rural) weather data leads to inadequate decision-making with regard to the energy efficiency of buildings in metropolitan areas. This paper conducts a series of computational studies that explore the UHI effect ...

Using the measure of Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) it is analysed how changes in the thermal environment can affect human well-being. Historical data used in this study have been assembled for the normal climate period 1961–1990 (CNTRL). Future conditions are calculated based on the period 2071–2100, for which simulated datasets are available, based on GCMs integrated with scenar...

in order to study adapatability and yield stability of irrigated bread wheat cultivars alvand, alamout, zarrin, navid, azar 2, sabalan, omid and bezostiya this experiment was conducted in rcbd during three cropping seasons (2007-2010) in six cities. simple anova and combined analysis of variance for three years in every location and also combined analysis of variance for three years and six loc...

Experimental studies assessing climatic effects on ecological communities have typically applied static warming treatments. Although these studies have been informative, they have usually failed to incorporate either current or predicted future, patterns of variability. Future climates are likely to include extreme events which have greater impacts on ecological systems than changes in means al...

OBJECTIVE To test the validity, reliability and discriminating capacity of an instrument to assess team climate, the Team Climate Inventory (TCI), in a sample of Dutch hospital teams. The TCI is based on a four-factor theory of team climate for innovation. DESIGN Validation study. SETTING Hospital teams in The Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS 424 healthcare professionals; 355 nurses working in 2...

Climate is the predominant environmental driver of freshwater assemblage pattern on large spatial scales, and traits of freshwater organisms have shown considerable potential to identify impacts of climate change. Although several studies suggest traits that may indicate vulnerability to climate change, the empirical relationship between freshwater assemblage trait composition and climate has b...

We used data from nationally representative surveys conducted in the United States, Canada and Malta between 2008 and 2009 to answer three questions: Does the public believe that climate change poses human health risks, and if so, are they seen as current or future risks? Whose health does the public think will be harmed? In what specific ways does the public believe climate change will harm hu...

Solar geoengineering refers to deliberately reducing net radiative forcing by reflecting some sunlight back to space, in order to reduce anthropogenic climate changes; a possible such approach would be adding aerosols to the stratosphere. If future mitigation proves insufficient to limit the rise in global mean temperature to less than 1.5°C above preindustrial, it is plausible that some additi...