Listening to classical and self-selected relaxing music after exposure to a stressor should result in significant reductions in anxiety, anger, and sympathetic nervous system arousal, and increased relaxation compared to those who sit in silence or listen to heavy metal music. Fifty-six college students, 15 males and 41 females, were exposed to different types of music genres after experiencing...

In this paper we introduce non-normal modal extensions of the sub-classical logics CLoN, CluN and CLaN, in the same way that S0.5 extends classical logic. The first modal system is both paraconsistent and paracomplete, while the second one is paraconsistent and the third is paracomplete. Despite being non-normal, these systems are sound and complete for a suitable Kripke semantics. We also show...

‘In-time’ representations of music in which the time represented is the same time as inhabited by the agent making or using the representation are contrasted with ‘out-of-time’ representations. Temporal logics with a similar ‘in-time’ perspective, and in particular those using operators S and U for ‘since’ and ‘until’, are explored as a means of representing musical situations, with particular ...

BACKGROUND Cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) are common in musicians and their prevalence has been the subject of a number of studies in most western countries. Such studies are scarce in developing countries despite the possibility that CTDs may have a different prevalence in these countries, especially when considering traditional musical instruments and different methods of playing. Althoug...

The aim of this paper is to test formally the classical business cycle hypothesis, using data from industrialized countries for the time period since 1960. The hypothesis is characterized by the view that the cyclical structure in GDP is concentrated in the investment series: xed investment has typically a long cycle, while the cycle in inventory investment is shorter. To check the robustness o...

background: exposure to loud music from sources such as portable music players (pmp), especially among adolescents, can lead to noise-induced hearing loss. the aims of this study are as follows: 1) investigate the prevalence of headphone use in iranian university students by assessing their behavior, 2) determine the type of headphones used, and 3) ascertain the type of music player used. metho...